Firstly, my dream in the past was to play proffesional basketball probably in Olympiacos for the following reasons. First that I love to play basketball until now and the way and style that every basketball player have through a game.But when I was a child I had broken four times my legs when I played football so the dream had stayed dream. I wanted to play for Olympiacos beacause it is the team I believe and will never change this team. The final reason for playing basketball was that from the coach to learn every secret of baketball weorld so I will be ready for the team when it was nessesary.
Seondly, if I had the oppurtunity to return the time behind I would decide to choose different things to do.On of these would be to leave from Athens and go to leave in the greek island Andros. It is a big island where everyone knows everyone and it is realy very quiet in Andros. Because in Andros they do not have big buildings but only houses I would probably find a house near to the water and a job as a barman. I know it is difficult to change images and leave Athens and go to an island forever. Finally I belive when you arrived in Adros you think that you are in a paradise place with good thoughs only.
Thirdly, we know that from last year untin now Greece is a country that only If you have euros you cfan do anything you want. So If i had money I will propably buy a place that I can create my own club PARADISE. So I find a place in Glifada and start the work. I know that hear in Greece is not very easy to build a club because you need a lot of papers and money. So after the finish of this staff I would propapby hired people that the know to work in a club. Everything inside will be white and in the door I will pur three people to check if everyone that goes inside are good dressed. Finally I believe when everyone goes inside the club they do not tyhink the crisis and spent money.
Fourhtly if I have money I will buy two or three houses that they do not leave many people in an island beacause in the future if this island have o lot of people i can sold them each house a lot of money. I can see front and i believe that iun some years the crisis will be left and everyone now sell anyhthing very cheap so if you give 100.000 euros when you will solf these houses you will be rich because you sold each house 200.000 euros. I t is noy difficult moneey it is nesessary to have.
Finally if I had an oppurtunity to do nothing in my life and sit down and only collect. If in my name passed some houses and every month collect from each man money for the house that he or she leaved. Secondly, with the money i can buy cars, shoes and many other things. I believe that someone that does not do anything and collects money only every month is very very lucky because nad sold the problem that eveyone have in the mind: How to earn a lot of money.
Σάββατο 24 Ιουλίου 2010
Πέμπτη 22 Ιουλίου 2010
Five hobbies tha I have.
Through this article I will analyze my hobbies. My first hobbbie and the most important for me it is basketball. Through basketball we can learn many things like tactiks, how to keep the ball and may other things. Basketball is a way that when you start to play you forget every problems you have and you focus your mind in the ball. The target of each player through a basketball match is at the end to be the winner. If you are playing alone you can practice with shoots from distance and also you can gym your body.
My second hobby is to read books. When I fell tired from doing essays for University I want to read a book. I prefer to read books with crimes and murders. When I start to read a book most of the times I do not stop reading it because I want to see who killed the victim. Also mostof the times I feel that I am part of the book and some times put my fantancy to understand the next moves of the writer. I believe that many childrens read the same types of book with me because in reality every day you can see murders, crime investigations and in television the same things. This type of book sells a lot.
My third hobby it was a hobby that I had when I was a chind from 8 to 16 years old. I was scoutmaster and I had a team with scouts and we organized meetings every saturday in differend places every time and organize some games and have fun.Also through tins meeting we gathered and learned through a book for as child that he leaved in the jungle through his life. Finally through these meetings you forget everything schools and maths and for three hours every time you are free for anything.
My fourth hobby is trips. When I have time and money I get my bag and start to travel. Untlil now I had travelled in Spain, England and Germany. It is fantastic to see things in reality beacause many people do not have money to travel and see only pictures from books. Through the countries I had learned many things about each country. I had met new people in these countries and with some of them we speak until now. Also I believe that now is cheapiest to travel around world Greece.
My finally hobby is the hobby that everyone done it everyday at home and at work. It is facebook. Throug facebook you can find friends from school that you had lost through years and teachers and offcourse to meet new people an d speak with them. Also you can play many games like MAFIA WARS, FARMVILLE, JOVILLE, FRONTIER VILL and some other games. Many people can stay in facebook for hours because it is free.Therefore through some sites inside facebook you can learn some news that happened at the same time.This is facebbok that you can do everything you want
My second hobby is to read books. When I fell tired from doing essays for University I want to read a book. I prefer to read books with crimes and murders. When I start to read a book most of the times I do not stop reading it because I want to see who killed the victim. Also mostof the times I feel that I am part of the book and some times put my fantancy to understand the next moves of the writer. I believe that many childrens read the same types of book with me because in reality every day you can see murders, crime investigations and in television the same things. This type of book sells a lot.
My third hobby it was a hobby that I had when I was a chind from 8 to 16 years old. I was scoutmaster and I had a team with scouts and we organized meetings every saturday in differend places every time and organize some games and have fun.Also through tins meeting we gathered and learned through a book for as child that he leaved in the jungle through his life. Finally through these meetings you forget everything schools and maths and for three hours every time you are free for anything.
My fourth hobby is trips. When I have time and money I get my bag and start to travel. Untlil now I had travelled in Spain, England and Germany. It is fantastic to see things in reality beacause many people do not have money to travel and see only pictures from books. Through the countries I had learned many things about each country. I had met new people in these countries and with some of them we speak until now. Also I believe that now is cheapiest to travel around world Greece.
My finally hobby is the hobby that everyone done it everyday at home and at work. It is facebook. Throug facebook you can find friends from school that you had lost through years and teachers and offcourse to meet new people an d speak with them. Also you can play many games like MAFIA WARS, FARMVILLE, JOVILLE, FRONTIER VILL and some other games. Many people can stay in facebook for hours because it is free.Therefore through some sites inside facebook you can learn some news that happened at the same time.This is facebbok that you can do everything you want
Τρίτη 20 Ιουλίου 2010
IBRAHIMOVIC-PIQUE May 2010
In this project we can see that I analyze about some rumours that was heard about Ibrahimovic and Pique that they are 'couple'.
IBRAHIMOVIC-PIQUE
Ibrahimovic and Pique are two of the football players of Barcelona that they are in the same team only one year. Until now know one hear anything bad for this two football players until now when a fan of Barcelona had taken a photo that now you can see it everywhere in the internet, in the newspapers and in the TV. But let learn some things about their lives until now.
Ibrahimović was born in Malmö to a Bosnian father, Šefik Ibrahimović, and a Croatian mother, Jurka Gravić, who emigrated to Sweden, where they first met. Ibrahimović grew up in Rosengård, a Malmö neighbourhood known for its immigrant communities, along with his three sisters and two brothers. After receiving a pair of football boots, Ibrahimović began playing football at the age of six, alternating between local junior clubs Malmö BI and FBK Balkan. He has stated in an interview that while his team was down 4–0 during halftime, he came on as a substitute for his Balkan youth team and dramatically scored eight goals. While in his early teens, he was a regular for his hometown club Malmö FF. At the age of 15, Ibrahimović was close to quitting his football career, in favour of working at the docks in Malmö, but his manager convinced him to continue playing. Ibrahimović successfully completed junior high school in the ninth grade, and though he was admitted to Borgarskolan, he soon dropped out of high school to focus on his football career. Signed his first contract with his hometown club Malmö FF in 1996, and moved up to the senior side for the 1999 season of Allsvenskan, Sweden's top-flight league. That season, Malmö finished 13th in the league and were relegated to the second division, but returned to the top flight the next season. Arsène Wenger unsuccessfully tried to persuade Ibrahimović to join, while Leo Beenhakker also expressed interest in the player after watching him in a training match against Norwegian side Moss. On 22 March 2001, a deal between Ajax and Malmö regarding Ibrahimović's transfer to Amsterdam was announced, and in July, Ibrahimović officially joined Ajax for €7.8 million.
Ibrahimović received little playing time under manager Co Adriaanse, but when Adriaanse was sacked on 29 November 2001, new coach Ronald Koeman inserted Ibrahimović into the starting lineup as Ajax won the 2001–02 Eredivisie title. The next season, Ibrahimović scored twice in a 2–1 victory over perennial French champions Lyon in his Champions League debut on 17 September 2002. He scored four Champions League goals overall as Ajax fell to Milan in the quarter-finals. In his final season with Ajax, Ibrahimović's profile rose when he scored a breathtaking goal against NAC on 22 August 2004, a goal that was eventually voted the "Goal of the Year" by Eurosport viewers. He netted only once in the 2003–04 Champions League as Ajax were eliminated in the group stage. On 18 August 2004, Ibrahimović injured fellow Ajax teammate Rafael van der Vaart during an international match against the Netherlands, which led to accusations from van der Vaart that Ibrahimović had hurt him intentionally. This led to Ibrahimović's sudden sale to Juventus on 31 August. Ibrahimović moved from Ajax to Juventus for €16 million. He was promptly inserted into the starting eleven due in part to top scorer David Trezeguet's injury problems, and scored sixteen goals. Near the end of the season, Juventus reportedly rejected a €70 million bid for him from Real Madrid, which was later revealed to be a publicity stunt initiated by Ibrahimović's agent, Mino Raiola, in order to increase his market value. On 14 November 2005, he was awarded the Guldbollen, a prize awarded to the best Swedish footballer of the year. The following season was poor compared to his first season; his role in Juventus' attack changed, as he became less of a goalscorer and moved more to the sidelines, taking much part in the build-up play, especially as a target player, and his assist numbers increased. In the 2005–06 season, Juventus fans often got frustrated with him due to his anonymous presence in certain important games such as the Champions League defeat to Arsenal. Juventus were stripped of their last two Scudetti as part of the verdict from the Calciopoli scandal, and were relegated to Serie B. The new staff tried to persuade Ibrahimović and other top players to stay with Juventus, but the player and his agent were adamant to move on, with Raiola threatening legal action in order to extricate Ibrahimović from his contract.
Ibrahimović signed a four-year contract with Internazionale on 10 August 2006, a few days after Patrick Vieira completed his transfer. Inter paid Juventus for €24.8 million. He revealed that he supported Internazionale when he was young. He started his spell at the club by scoring one goal and assisting another in a league match against Fiorentina and ended his first season as Inter's top goalscorer with 15 goals. After Maxwell completed his transfer to Barcelona, president Joan Laporta confirmed that there was an agreement in principle between Barcelona and Internazionale for Ibrahimović to join the club in exchange for Samuel Eto'o, plus a fee. Laporta revealed that the negotiations started when he decided to divert a flight, which was originally from Ukraine to Spain, in order to have talks with Massimo Moratti, the president of Internazionale, in Milan. Ibrahimović left Internazionale from the United States on tour in the World Football Challenge on 23 July 2009 for negotiations with Barcelona, with his last match for Internazionale being against Chelsea. After Internazionale agreed terms with Eto'o and Barcelona with Ibrahimović, Barcelona announced Ibrahimović would arrive on 26 July 2009 and undergo a medical test on 27 July 2009. Ibrahimovic passed his medical and was presented to a crowd of over 60,000 at Camp Noun. He signed a 5-year contract, for €46 million and the exchange of Eton’s and loan of Aleksandra Help with a €250 million release clause, making Ibrahimović worth €66 million. Afterwards, Hleb refused the transfer and later loaned out to Stuttgart; therefore, Barcelona added a reported €3 million fee to compensate, making Ibrahimović worth a final total of €69 million. This broke a transfer record to become the second highest transfer fee in football history. He signed for an annual salary of €14.5 million including bonuses. Barcelona announced Ibrahimović successfully underwent surgery on his fractured left hand's second metacarpal on 28 July 2009. He returned to full training on 12 August 2009 for Barcelona. Barcelona also paid FBK Balkan, Ibrahimović's youth club, €144,000 and Malmö FF, Ibrahimović's first senior club, €2 million under the FIFA solidarity system.
Gerard Pique started his career in Barcelona's youth teams as a left footed defensive midfielder, but before he signed his first professional contract with the club, he decided to join Manchester United. The Premier League side did not pay a fee for Piqué as he was too young to have a professional contract. Piqué made his debut for Manchester United in October 2004, as a late replacement for John O'Shea in a 3–0 League Cup victory at Crewe Alexandra as a centre back. He made his full debut on 29 March 2006 against West Ham United, in a Premier League match at Old Trafford, playing at right back, as Gary Neville was unavailable through injury. His performances, most notably in the reserve team, earned him a new contract, which he signed in February 2005 to run until the summer of 2009. On 4 August 2006, however, La Liga side Real Zaragoza secured Piqué on a season-long loan. The conditions of the loan involved Piqué having to feature in at least 20 games for the Aragonese outfit, which he did, as he made 22 first team appearances in a successful spell, alongside Argentine Gabriel Milito, either as a stopper or a holding midfielder. On 5 May 2007, it was announced that Piqué would be staying at Old Trafford for the following season. Sir Alex Ferguson had intended to assess Pique's form on the 6th at La Romareda, prior to a meeting, where the two parties would discuss Pique's future prospects with the club. However, Ferguson was unable to appear on account of airline difficulties. Piqué's return to Old Trafford saw him make nine league appearances during the 2007–08 seasons. He scored on his first start in the Champions League, a 4–0 home win against Dynamo Kyiv on 7 November 2007, as Piqué scored the first of Manchester United's four goals in that match. In doing so, he became the 450th player to score at least one goal for the club. His second goal for the club also came in the Champions League, in an away match to Roma on 12 December 2007.
On 27 May 2008, Piqué signed a four-year contract with Barcelona, with a €50 million buy-out clause. Barcelona paid an undisclosed fee for the player. Piqué's first goal for Barcelona came in the club's 5–2 UEFA Champions League group stage win at Sporting CP on 26 November 2008. His first domestic goal for the club followed two months later, on 29 January 2009, in a Copa del Rey match against local rivals Espanyol. The goal, which came from a corner kick in the 57th minute, turned out to be the game winner in a 3–2 victory for Barcelona. Piqué scored his first league goal for Barcelona on 2 May 2009, in a 6–2 away thrashing of Real Madrid, in El Clásico. On 13 May 2009, he picked up the first trophy of his Barcelona career as he helped his club to a 4–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao in the Copa Del Rey final. Three days later, Barcelona clinched the league title after Real Madrid lost 3-2 to Villarreal, with two games left in the season. He played against his former club Manchester United in the 2009 Champions League Final on 27 May, which Barcelona won 2–0, hence completing an historic treble. He became the third player to win the European Cup or Champions League in two successive years with two different teams, along with Marcel Desailly and Paulo Sousa. On 26 February, 2010, Pique signed a contract extension that will keep him at Barcelona until at least the summer of 2015.
Ibrahimovic and Pique the do not have a specific target audience. Everyone that watches football come to Camp Nou to watch them. But let speak with ages. We has parents that come with their children’s from age six to ten years old that they do not any player and start to learn the names of each player. Also they start at this age to learn the meaning of playing football and then rules of the game. Then we have the ages from eleven years old to thirty five years old. This is the real fans that everywhere that they will be will go and Ibrahimovic and Pique to play a good football or alone or with parents. These ages live to see play these two football players. Then we have the ages thirty six years old to fifty years old that this had come from ages behind in this stadium to see football but because Ibrahimovic is the first year in Barcelona they are happy that they are alive to see that a great player came to play for Barcelona. But Pique because are years in Barcelona they know him and they believe that it is a great player and they will play for many more years in Barcelona. I believe that these are the target audience of each player because I believe that from fifty one years old that they do not come to see only this two players but and the others players that play for Barcelona. Or because we are in days of economic crisis they stay home and they watch play football from television.
Every player promotes through some ways their self. Through internet that we learn anytime that this football player have done this thing. Secondly through some advertisements that they will promote a product also they will promote their self. The real fans that they will that Ibrahimovic and Pique promote some clothes they will go and buy it because the fans that they clothes are good because these football players. Some others time we can see that the football players do some donations so that they saw to the fans that they care about the people that they have anything to eat and wear. Some of them they will write the biography in a book and the sells going up some times if the football players they are fabulous. Other times they choose to do interviews in television or radio and they speak about their lifes and if they have to play a match a few days later they speak about the game and the team that they will play against.
Press Release
The photo above has started the rumors that both Ibrahimovic and Piqué are gay. The photo, that allegedly leaked from Facebook and spread like fire in the Spanish and Italian media, is showing Ibrahimovic holding hands ever so tenderly with teammate Gerard Piqué while leaning against a car.
How did Ibrahimovic respond on these rumors?
“Come with your sister to my house and see if I’m gay,” was the response by Zlatan when asked to give a comment of the photo above by a journalist for the Spanish TV show “Salvame”.
My Press Release
Two of the big stars of Barcelona Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Gerard Pique after the practice with their team they go to their garage to take their cars. Then their it was a fan there that he took a picture that Zlatan Ibrahimovic holding hands with Gerard Pique while leaning against a car. This is the first time that we hear something so bad for the reputation of the football players. But we can say that it was the wrong time that happened and they are men 100% and they are not gay.
Works Cited
• http://www.crazynfunny.com/zlatan-ibrahimovic-and-gerard-pique-getting-intimate/pictures/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Piqu%C3%A9
IBRAHIMOVIC-PIQUE
Ibrahimovic and Pique are two of the football players of Barcelona that they are in the same team only one year. Until now know one hear anything bad for this two football players until now when a fan of Barcelona had taken a photo that now you can see it everywhere in the internet, in the newspapers and in the TV. But let learn some things about their lives until now.
Ibrahimović was born in Malmö to a Bosnian father, Šefik Ibrahimović, and a Croatian mother, Jurka Gravić, who emigrated to Sweden, where they first met. Ibrahimović grew up in Rosengård, a Malmö neighbourhood known for its immigrant communities, along with his three sisters and two brothers. After receiving a pair of football boots, Ibrahimović began playing football at the age of six, alternating between local junior clubs Malmö BI and FBK Balkan. He has stated in an interview that while his team was down 4–0 during halftime, he came on as a substitute for his Balkan youth team and dramatically scored eight goals. While in his early teens, he was a regular for his hometown club Malmö FF. At the age of 15, Ibrahimović was close to quitting his football career, in favour of working at the docks in Malmö, but his manager convinced him to continue playing. Ibrahimović successfully completed junior high school in the ninth grade, and though he was admitted to Borgarskolan, he soon dropped out of high school to focus on his football career. Signed his first contract with his hometown club Malmö FF in 1996, and moved up to the senior side for the 1999 season of Allsvenskan, Sweden's top-flight league. That season, Malmö finished 13th in the league and were relegated to the second division, but returned to the top flight the next season. Arsène Wenger unsuccessfully tried to persuade Ibrahimović to join, while Leo Beenhakker also expressed interest in the player after watching him in a training match against Norwegian side Moss. On 22 March 2001, a deal between Ajax and Malmö regarding Ibrahimović's transfer to Amsterdam was announced, and in July, Ibrahimović officially joined Ajax for €7.8 million.
Ibrahimović received little playing time under manager Co Adriaanse, but when Adriaanse was sacked on 29 November 2001, new coach Ronald Koeman inserted Ibrahimović into the starting lineup as Ajax won the 2001–02 Eredivisie title. The next season, Ibrahimović scored twice in a 2–1 victory over perennial French champions Lyon in his Champions League debut on 17 September 2002. He scored four Champions League goals overall as Ajax fell to Milan in the quarter-finals. In his final season with Ajax, Ibrahimović's profile rose when he scored a breathtaking goal against NAC on 22 August 2004, a goal that was eventually voted the "Goal of the Year" by Eurosport viewers. He netted only once in the 2003–04 Champions League as Ajax were eliminated in the group stage. On 18 August 2004, Ibrahimović injured fellow Ajax teammate Rafael van der Vaart during an international match against the Netherlands, which led to accusations from van der Vaart that Ibrahimović had hurt him intentionally. This led to Ibrahimović's sudden sale to Juventus on 31 August. Ibrahimović moved from Ajax to Juventus for €16 million. He was promptly inserted into the starting eleven due in part to top scorer David Trezeguet's injury problems, and scored sixteen goals. Near the end of the season, Juventus reportedly rejected a €70 million bid for him from Real Madrid, which was later revealed to be a publicity stunt initiated by Ibrahimović's agent, Mino Raiola, in order to increase his market value. On 14 November 2005, he was awarded the Guldbollen, a prize awarded to the best Swedish footballer of the year. The following season was poor compared to his first season; his role in Juventus' attack changed, as he became less of a goalscorer and moved more to the sidelines, taking much part in the build-up play, especially as a target player, and his assist numbers increased. In the 2005–06 season, Juventus fans often got frustrated with him due to his anonymous presence in certain important games such as the Champions League defeat to Arsenal. Juventus were stripped of their last two Scudetti as part of the verdict from the Calciopoli scandal, and were relegated to Serie B. The new staff tried to persuade Ibrahimović and other top players to stay with Juventus, but the player and his agent were adamant to move on, with Raiola threatening legal action in order to extricate Ibrahimović from his contract.
Ibrahimović signed a four-year contract with Internazionale on 10 August 2006, a few days after Patrick Vieira completed his transfer. Inter paid Juventus for €24.8 million. He revealed that he supported Internazionale when he was young. He started his spell at the club by scoring one goal and assisting another in a league match against Fiorentina and ended his first season as Inter's top goalscorer with 15 goals. After Maxwell completed his transfer to Barcelona, president Joan Laporta confirmed that there was an agreement in principle between Barcelona and Internazionale for Ibrahimović to join the club in exchange for Samuel Eto'o, plus a fee. Laporta revealed that the negotiations started when he decided to divert a flight, which was originally from Ukraine to Spain, in order to have talks with Massimo Moratti, the president of Internazionale, in Milan. Ibrahimović left Internazionale from the United States on tour in the World Football Challenge on 23 July 2009 for negotiations with Barcelona, with his last match for Internazionale being against Chelsea. After Internazionale agreed terms with Eto'o and Barcelona with Ibrahimović, Barcelona announced Ibrahimović would arrive on 26 July 2009 and undergo a medical test on 27 July 2009. Ibrahimovic passed his medical and was presented to a crowd of over 60,000 at Camp Noun. He signed a 5-year contract, for €46 million and the exchange of Eton’s and loan of Aleksandra Help with a €250 million release clause, making Ibrahimović worth €66 million. Afterwards, Hleb refused the transfer and later loaned out to Stuttgart; therefore, Barcelona added a reported €3 million fee to compensate, making Ibrahimović worth a final total of €69 million. This broke a transfer record to become the second highest transfer fee in football history. He signed for an annual salary of €14.5 million including bonuses. Barcelona announced Ibrahimović successfully underwent surgery on his fractured left hand's second metacarpal on 28 July 2009. He returned to full training on 12 August 2009 for Barcelona. Barcelona also paid FBK Balkan, Ibrahimović's youth club, €144,000 and Malmö FF, Ibrahimović's first senior club, €2 million under the FIFA solidarity system.
Gerard Pique started his career in Barcelona's youth teams as a left footed defensive midfielder, but before he signed his first professional contract with the club, he decided to join Manchester United. The Premier League side did not pay a fee for Piqué as he was too young to have a professional contract. Piqué made his debut for Manchester United in October 2004, as a late replacement for John O'Shea in a 3–0 League Cup victory at Crewe Alexandra as a centre back. He made his full debut on 29 March 2006 against West Ham United, in a Premier League match at Old Trafford, playing at right back, as Gary Neville was unavailable through injury. His performances, most notably in the reserve team, earned him a new contract, which he signed in February 2005 to run until the summer of 2009. On 4 August 2006, however, La Liga side Real Zaragoza secured Piqué on a season-long loan. The conditions of the loan involved Piqué having to feature in at least 20 games for the Aragonese outfit, which he did, as he made 22 first team appearances in a successful spell, alongside Argentine Gabriel Milito, either as a stopper or a holding midfielder. On 5 May 2007, it was announced that Piqué would be staying at Old Trafford for the following season. Sir Alex Ferguson had intended to assess Pique's form on the 6th at La Romareda, prior to a meeting, where the two parties would discuss Pique's future prospects with the club. However, Ferguson was unable to appear on account of airline difficulties. Piqué's return to Old Trafford saw him make nine league appearances during the 2007–08 seasons. He scored on his first start in the Champions League, a 4–0 home win against Dynamo Kyiv on 7 November 2007, as Piqué scored the first of Manchester United's four goals in that match. In doing so, he became the 450th player to score at least one goal for the club. His second goal for the club also came in the Champions League, in an away match to Roma on 12 December 2007.
On 27 May 2008, Piqué signed a four-year contract with Barcelona, with a €50 million buy-out clause. Barcelona paid an undisclosed fee for the player. Piqué's first goal for Barcelona came in the club's 5–2 UEFA Champions League group stage win at Sporting CP on 26 November 2008. His first domestic goal for the club followed two months later, on 29 January 2009, in a Copa del Rey match against local rivals Espanyol. The goal, which came from a corner kick in the 57th minute, turned out to be the game winner in a 3–2 victory for Barcelona. Piqué scored his first league goal for Barcelona on 2 May 2009, in a 6–2 away thrashing of Real Madrid, in El Clásico. On 13 May 2009, he picked up the first trophy of his Barcelona career as he helped his club to a 4–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao in the Copa Del Rey final. Three days later, Barcelona clinched the league title after Real Madrid lost 3-2 to Villarreal, with two games left in the season. He played against his former club Manchester United in the 2009 Champions League Final on 27 May, which Barcelona won 2–0, hence completing an historic treble. He became the third player to win the European Cup or Champions League in two successive years with two different teams, along with Marcel Desailly and Paulo Sousa. On 26 February, 2010, Pique signed a contract extension that will keep him at Barcelona until at least the summer of 2015.
Ibrahimovic and Pique the do not have a specific target audience. Everyone that watches football come to Camp Nou to watch them. But let speak with ages. We has parents that come with their children’s from age six to ten years old that they do not any player and start to learn the names of each player. Also they start at this age to learn the meaning of playing football and then rules of the game. Then we have the ages from eleven years old to thirty five years old. This is the real fans that everywhere that they will be will go and Ibrahimovic and Pique to play a good football or alone or with parents. These ages live to see play these two football players. Then we have the ages thirty six years old to fifty years old that this had come from ages behind in this stadium to see football but because Ibrahimovic is the first year in Barcelona they are happy that they are alive to see that a great player came to play for Barcelona. But Pique because are years in Barcelona they know him and they believe that it is a great player and they will play for many more years in Barcelona. I believe that these are the target audience of each player because I believe that from fifty one years old that they do not come to see only this two players but and the others players that play for Barcelona. Or because we are in days of economic crisis they stay home and they watch play football from television.
Every player promotes through some ways their self. Through internet that we learn anytime that this football player have done this thing. Secondly through some advertisements that they will promote a product also they will promote their self. The real fans that they will that Ibrahimovic and Pique promote some clothes they will go and buy it because the fans that they clothes are good because these football players. Some others time we can see that the football players do some donations so that they saw to the fans that they care about the people that they have anything to eat and wear. Some of them they will write the biography in a book and the sells going up some times if the football players they are fabulous. Other times they choose to do interviews in television or radio and they speak about their lifes and if they have to play a match a few days later they speak about the game and the team that they will play against.
Press Release
The photo above has started the rumors that both Ibrahimovic and Piqué are gay. The photo, that allegedly leaked from Facebook and spread like fire in the Spanish and Italian media, is showing Ibrahimovic holding hands ever so tenderly with teammate Gerard Piqué while leaning against a car.
How did Ibrahimovic respond on these rumors?
“Come with your sister to my house and see if I’m gay,” was the response by Zlatan when asked to give a comment of the photo above by a journalist for the Spanish TV show “Salvame”.
My Press Release
Two of the big stars of Barcelona Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Gerard Pique after the practice with their team they go to their garage to take their cars. Then their it was a fan there that he took a picture that Zlatan Ibrahimovic holding hands with Gerard Pique while leaning against a car. This is the first time that we hear something so bad for the reputation of the football players. But we can say that it was the wrong time that happened and they are men 100% and they are not gay.
Works Cited
• http://www.crazynfunny.com/zlatan-ibrahimovic-and-gerard-pique-getting-intimate/pictures/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Piqu%C3%A9
Electronic Stock Exchange May 2010
Electronic Stock Exchange
One game it was enough between Juventus Football club and Assaciazone Calcio Milan, on December 18, 2004, it was enough for two billion fans to sit and watch it through seventeen electronic cameras that they are inside the stadium. Two cameras were behind of each goalkeeper of each team. From the season of Industrial Revolution and the day when the first football clubs had showed up in Britain until today many things had changed in football. Off course they are things like the rules in football that exist until now, but the football now is not the same with the football in Industrial revolution. The fans of each football club are now customer and they can give a lot of money in each football through through tickets etc.
We arrived finally in the new season. Where a football player is a part of a football club and a goal for him transformed the goal into a bill in the football club balance. The goals generally every time had a good value. The today goals of this hi-teck season and of the world electronic village continue to be from fans a good way for stoup up but also the goals are a way of electronic values. But we have the football electronic values everyone had forgotten. When Napoli in 2000 in a way to respect Maradona had decided mo-one football player of Napoli in the future to wear the sweat with number 10. But the depts of Napoli in 2004 had driven him from the second category to the third category. But in the third category the football players can wear only a sweat from number one to eleven. The results was the sweat with the number ten had reappearance as a sweat. Finally in today football Stock Exchange it does not respect the small teams.
When the football diverted as a product, the expectations of earning a lot of money many people came and started playing. In a century that so many things happened, the sales of television rights between 1995 to 2000 in the football world, the football had gone up. But as we can see between the companies that they want to have the television rights of a football club most of the time we have a war for which company will give the best proposal. At the same time the football product face up the reality of the market. The reality is that the powerful football clubs survive and can be more powerful in the future and the smaller teams have a fight with the time before they disappear from the football map. This had happened because the small teams want to have a good income when they will give to a company the television rights. For this situation I will tell you one example that had happened in Britain. One private television channel ITV had paid a lot of money for the television rights for some teams in the third category in England and for the Champions League. But a few people buy this package from ITV. So they create a second package and they put more offers but the same had happened. So the result was that the television channel had closed and the teams that they had sold the television rights had destroyed.
Finally as we can see is that everything can happen with money. The first day you are god and the second day you can destroy yourself and others because you had done some wrong moves. This can happen in football at the backstage in the room that known one from the viewers can see what happened in the past or what will happen in the future.
One game it was enough between Juventus Football club and Assaciazone Calcio Milan, on December 18, 2004, it was enough for two billion fans to sit and watch it through seventeen electronic cameras that they are inside the stadium. Two cameras were behind of each goalkeeper of each team. From the season of Industrial Revolution and the day when the first football clubs had showed up in Britain until today many things had changed in football. Off course they are things like the rules in football that exist until now, but the football now is not the same with the football in Industrial revolution. The fans of each football club are now customer and they can give a lot of money in each football through through tickets etc.
We arrived finally in the new season. Where a football player is a part of a football club and a goal for him transformed the goal into a bill in the football club balance. The goals generally every time had a good value. The today goals of this hi-teck season and of the world electronic village continue to be from fans a good way for stoup up but also the goals are a way of electronic values. But we have the football electronic values everyone had forgotten. When Napoli in 2000 in a way to respect Maradona had decided mo-one football player of Napoli in the future to wear the sweat with number 10. But the depts of Napoli in 2004 had driven him from the second category to the third category. But in the third category the football players can wear only a sweat from number one to eleven. The results was the sweat with the number ten had reappearance as a sweat. Finally in today football Stock Exchange it does not respect the small teams.
When the football diverted as a product, the expectations of earning a lot of money many people came and started playing. In a century that so many things happened, the sales of television rights between 1995 to 2000 in the football world, the football had gone up. But as we can see between the companies that they want to have the television rights of a football club most of the time we have a war for which company will give the best proposal. At the same time the football product face up the reality of the market. The reality is that the powerful football clubs survive and can be more powerful in the future and the smaller teams have a fight with the time before they disappear from the football map. This had happened because the small teams want to have a good income when they will give to a company the television rights. For this situation I will tell you one example that had happened in Britain. One private television channel ITV had paid a lot of money for the television rights for some teams in the third category in England and for the Champions League. But a few people buy this package from ITV. So they create a second package and they put more offers but the same had happened. So the result was that the television channel had closed and the teams that they had sold the television rights had destroyed.
Finally as we can see is that everything can happen with money. The first day you are god and the second day you can destroy yourself and others because you had done some wrong moves. This can happen in football at the backstage in the room that known one from the viewers can see what happened in the past or what will happen in the future.
F.C. Barcelona&UNICEF April 2010 April 2010
In this project we analyze how Barcelona decide to put Unicef as sponsor in the shirt.
F.C. Barcelona&UNICEF
Football club Barcelona also known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barca, is a football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The team was founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Spanish men led by Joan Gamper. The club has become a Catalan institution, hence the moto ʺMes que un club.ʺ Through the history of Barcelona except that is a great team, and it had done some great things for me. Since its founding Barcelona had never worn corporate advertisements. On 14 July 2006 the club announced a five year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement has the club donate 1.5 million per year to UNICEF via the F.C Barcelona foundation and rejecting significant money offers to be the first shirt sponsor of the football team. (Wikipedia)
As we can see Barcelona had reached in this decision for the following reasons. Firstly this football club through the decades had built an empire with a lot of money. The president that has passed through the years was very genius men to keep this football club without a shirt sponsorship. Secondly in Spain all the stadiums when they have games they are filled to capacity because the fans they do not care if they play football with the last team or with the second team of Spain. So through the games the income through the tickets is very high. This is a different philosophy of fans because here in Greece when a football club likes Olympiakos playing with Panathinaikos the stadium is filled to capacity so the income is very high. But when Olympiakos playing football with Panaxaiki the stadium is empty from fans and income from the tickets is lower than other times. So Barcelona through tickets every Saturday or Sunday the income is very high. Thirdly, except from the shirt sponsor Barcelona has another sponsor that we can see in every billboard of the stadium. The sponsor is NIKE and the income probably is very high every year. Finally when we see some players that they are playing in some advertisements and they used the shirt of their team the football club earn some money itself.
Before the UNICEF why they did not put a shirt sponsor? I believe for the following reasons. Firstly I believe it is not good for a team to have shirt sponsor because if the president of one team choose to put a lot of shirt sponsors a few years later we will not see the colour of the shirt. Here in Greece as we can see the football clubs decide to put five or six shirt sponsors because the football clubs have so many economical problems but the fans can not see the colour of the shirt but only sponsors. Secondly the president of Barcelona except that is a president is also a fun of his team and he does not need the money of other sponsors because it is a very rich man and so far for the needs of Barcelona he wants either to put money of his pocket or to take loans from the banks. Finally I believe that they decided to do this move so that the fans and the press can say that Barcelona is a team that take care the people that live in undeveloped countries and does not money for other sponsors.
Finally I agree with the way of doing donations through some economical agreement because if we do not have these agreements the people that will live in undeveloped countries they need medical, foods, clothes and other things. In the future I believe and other football clubs will do agreements for the good of people and not always the sponsors give money to football teams.
Works Cited
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona
F.C. Barcelona&UNICEF
Football club Barcelona also known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barca, is a football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The team was founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Spanish men led by Joan Gamper. The club has become a Catalan institution, hence the moto ʺMes que un club.ʺ Through the history of Barcelona except that is a great team, and it had done some great things for me. Since its founding Barcelona had never worn corporate advertisements. On 14 July 2006 the club announced a five year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement has the club donate 1.5 million per year to UNICEF via the F.C Barcelona foundation and rejecting significant money offers to be the first shirt sponsor of the football team. (Wikipedia)
As we can see Barcelona had reached in this decision for the following reasons. Firstly this football club through the decades had built an empire with a lot of money. The president that has passed through the years was very genius men to keep this football club without a shirt sponsorship. Secondly in Spain all the stadiums when they have games they are filled to capacity because the fans they do not care if they play football with the last team or with the second team of Spain. So through the games the income through the tickets is very high. This is a different philosophy of fans because here in Greece when a football club likes Olympiakos playing with Panathinaikos the stadium is filled to capacity so the income is very high. But when Olympiakos playing football with Panaxaiki the stadium is empty from fans and income from the tickets is lower than other times. So Barcelona through tickets every Saturday or Sunday the income is very high. Thirdly, except from the shirt sponsor Barcelona has another sponsor that we can see in every billboard of the stadium. The sponsor is NIKE and the income probably is very high every year. Finally when we see some players that they are playing in some advertisements and they used the shirt of their team the football club earn some money itself.
Before the UNICEF why they did not put a shirt sponsor? I believe for the following reasons. Firstly I believe it is not good for a team to have shirt sponsor because if the president of one team choose to put a lot of shirt sponsors a few years later we will not see the colour of the shirt. Here in Greece as we can see the football clubs decide to put five or six shirt sponsors because the football clubs have so many economical problems but the fans can not see the colour of the shirt but only sponsors. Secondly the president of Barcelona except that is a president is also a fun of his team and he does not need the money of other sponsors because it is a very rich man and so far for the needs of Barcelona he wants either to put money of his pocket or to take loans from the banks. Finally I believe that they decided to do this move so that the fans and the press can say that Barcelona is a team that take care the people that live in undeveloped countries and does not money for other sponsors.
Finally I agree with the way of doing donations through some economical agreement because if we do not have these agreements the people that will live in undeveloped countries they need medical, foods, clothes and other things. In the future I believe and other football clubs will do agreements for the good of people and not always the sponsors give money to football teams.
Works Cited
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona
TOTENISM December 2009
In this project we can see many good information about Totenism
Totenism
Totemism is a religious belief that is frequently associated with shamanistic religions. The totem is usually an animal or other natural figure that spiritually represents a group of related people such as a clan.Totemism was a key element of study in the development of 19th and early 20th century theories of religion, especially for thinkers such as Émile Durkheim, who concentrated their study on primitive societies. Drawing on the identification of social group with spiritual totem in Australian aboriginal tribes, Durkheim theorized that all human religious expression was intrinsically founded in the relationship to a group. Totems are chosen arbitrarily for the sole purpose of making the physical world a comprehensive and coherent classificatory system. Lévi-Strauss argues that the use of physical analogies is not an indication of a more primitive mental capacity. It is rather, a more efficient way to cope with this particular mode of life in which abstractions are rare, and in which the physical environment is in direct friction with the society. He also holds that scientific explanation entails the discovery of an "arrangement"; moreover, since "the science of the concrete" is a classificatory system enabling individuals to classify the world in a rational fashion, it is neither more nor less a science than any other in the western world. (Wikipedia)
Cultural flag of the Kanak community, showing a flèche faîtière like wooden totem monument placed atop Kanak traditional dwellings. Lévi-Strauss looked at the ideas of Firth and Fortes, Durkheim, Malinowski, and Evans-Pritchard to reach his conclusions. Firth and Fortes argued that totemism was based on physical or psychological similarities between the clan and the totemic animal. Malinowski proposed that it was based on empirical interest or that the totem was 'good to eat.' In other words, there was rational interest in preserving the species. Finally Evans-Pritchard argued that the reason for totems was metaphoric. His work with the Nuer led him to believe that totems are a symbolic representation of the group. Lévi-Strauss considered Evan-Pritchard's work the correct explanation. (Wikipedia)
Totemism is a complex of varied ideas and ways of behaviour based on a worldview drawn from nature. There are ideological, mystical, emotional, reverential, and genealogical relationships of social groups or specific persons with animals or natural objects, the so-called totems. It is necessary to differentiate between group and individual totemism. These forms share some basic characteristics, but they occur with different emphases and in different specific forms. For instance, people generally view the totem as a companion, relative, protector, progenitor, or helper, ascribe to it superhuman powers and abilities, and offer it some combination of respect, veneration, awe, and fear. Most cultures use special names and emblems to refer to the totem, and those it sponsors engage in partial identification with the totem or symbolic assimilation to it. There is usually a prohibition or taboo against killing, eating, or touching the totem. Although totems are often the focus of ritual behaviour, it is generally agreed that totemism is not a religion. Totemism can certainly include religious elements in varying degrees, just as it can appear conjoined with magic. Totemism is frequently mixed with different kinds of other beliefs, such as ancestor worship, ideas of the soul, or animism. Such mixtures have historically made the understanding of particular totemistic forms difficult. (Encyclopedia of Britannica)
Individual totemism is expressed in an intimate relationship of friendship and protection between a person and a particular animal or a natural object (sometimes between a person and a species of animal); the natural object can grant special power to its owner. Frequently connected with individual totemism are definite ideas about the human soul and conceptions derived from them, such as the idea of an alter ego and nagualism--from the Spanish form of the Aztec word naualli, "something hidden or veiled"--which means that a kind of simultaneous existence is assumed between an animal or a natural object and a person; i.e., a mutual, close bond of life and fate exist in such a way that in case of the injury, sickness, or death of one partner, the same fate would befall the other member of the relationship. Consequently, such totems became most strongly tabooed; above all, they were connected with family or group leaders, chiefs, medicine men, shamans, and other socially significant persons. In shamanism, an earlier trait of individual totemism is often ascertained: the animalistic protective spirits can sometimes be derived from individual totems. To some extent, there also exists a tendency to pass on an individual totem as hereditary or to make taboo the entire species of animal to which the individual totem belongs. In this can perhaps be seen the beginning of the development of totems that belong to a group. Many tales about the origins of the group totem could, perhaps, point in this direction. Individual totemism is widely disseminated. It is found not only among the tribes of hunters and harvesters but also among farmers and herdsmen. Individual totemism is especially emphasized among the Australian Aborigines.( Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief)
Totemism has both a religious and a social aspect. These aspects vary; thus with the interior Australian tribes the religious aspect is predominant; with the coastal tribes the social aspect prevails. Lord Avebury and Spencer hold that Totemism began as a social system only, and that the superstitious regard for the totem is an aftergrowth. A. Lang, failing to grasp the religious meaning of the totem, has helped to popularize this view. McLennan and Robertson Smith teach that the religious reverence for the totem was original. Father Morice says that Totemism among the Dénés is essentially and exclusively connected with their religious system. Investigation into the nature of Totemism shows this to be the true opinion. Durkheim holds the totem to be a god. This is a mistake. The respect paid to the totem is like that given to relatives or brothers; it is his friend and helper, not his superior. Frazer says Totemism has done little to foster the higher forms of religion, and Murillier does not admit the possibility of any transition from Totemism to any other stage of religious evolution. McGee quotes Darsey, that among the Sioux totems were reverenced rather than worshipped. Frazer at first maintained the religious aspect of Totemism; now he denies this. He says the key to the Totemism of Australian natives is furnished by the Intichiuma ceremonies ; and as these ceremonies, peculiar to each totem group, are performed with spells and enchantments for the multiplication of the totem animal, therefore in its origin Totemism is simply an organized and co-operative system of magic devised for economic purposes. The criticism is that this view is superficial and unsatisfactory, that investigations show the Australian savage life to be saturated with the belief in spirits, yet if we study them in the background of the belief in spirits, their purposes more probably are the multiplication of the reincarnated forms of the spirits. When, e.g. the members of the Kangaroo clan perform magic ceremonies for the multiplication of Kangaroos, we are not warranted in stating that kangaroo animals are in question, for members of this clan are also called Kangaroos. Hence the multiplication of the human species may be intended, so that the Kangaroo spirits may be reincarnated. This seems to be confirmed by the rites having a reference to human generation performed at the puberty or Engwura ceremonies.(Catholic Encyclopedia)
Finally, the relation of exogamy to Totemism is a problem of great difficulty, and will not be completely solved until the origin of exogamy is definitely established. It is a fact that the custom prevails in many tribes that a man cannot marry a woman of his own totem, but must seek a wife from another totem clan. Hence many writers inferred that Totemism and exogamy existed together as different sides of the same institution. Thus A. Lang regards exogamy as the essential feature of Totemism. Hill-Tout takes issue with him maintaining that it is accidental or secondary, that the possession of the same totem becomes a bar to marriage only because it marks kinship by blood, which is the real bar. Lang by totem means "the hereditary totem of the exogamous clan" and admits that if we take totem in its wider extent as comprehending the "personal" totem, the "secret society" totem and the "tribal" totem, then members of these totem groups can intermarry. McLennan and Robertson Smith held that Totemism is found generally in connexion with exogamy, but must be older than exogamy. This view has been confirmed by the investigations of Spencer and Gillen among the Australian savages. They teach that Totemism is a primary and exogamy a secondary feature, and give traditions proving the existence of totems long before that of exogamous groups, and that when the latter did arise, the totems were not affected by them. Hence the exogamous class is a social organization totally different in origin and nature from the totemic clan, and not a mere extension of it, although they have crossed and blended in many places. Again Totemism and exogamy are found existing separately. Father Brun says the totemic clans of the Sudan are not exogamous. Dr. Rivers points out that the natives of Banks Islands have pure Totemism and pure exogamy existing side by side without influencing each other.( Catholic Encyclopedia)
Different theories have been proposed to account for the origin of exogamy, Westermark says it arose in the aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin, i.e. in horror of incest. This is very probably the true solution. McLennan holds that exogamy was due originally to scarcity of women, which obliged men to seek wives from other groups, i.e. marriage by capture, and this in time grew into a custom. Durkheim derives exogamy from Totemism, and says it arose from a religious respect for the blood of a totemic clan, for the clan totem is a god and is especially in the blood. Morgan and Howitt maintain that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations: especially between brother and sister, which had been common in a previous state of promiscuity. Frazer says this is the true solution, that it really introduced group marriage, which is an advance to monogamy, and that the most complete record of this is the classificatory system of relationship. Lang, however, denies there is any group marriage, and says the so-called group marriage is only tribe-regulated licence. Hill-Tout writes that exogamous rules arose for political reasons by marriage treaties between the groups. Darwin denies primitive promiscuous intercourse, and says exogamy arose from the strongest male driving the other males out of the group. This is also the opinion of Lang, Atkinson, and Letourneau. (Catholic Encyclopedia)
WORKS CITED
1. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopaedia Network. Totem from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Totemism from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/600496/totemis
3. Jesusi. Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief: Totemism October 28, 2009 from
http://www.cyberspacei.com/jesusi/inlight/religion/belief/totemism.htm
4. Catholic Encyclopedia. Totemism from
http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=11641
Totenism
Totemism is a religious belief that is frequently associated with shamanistic religions. The totem is usually an animal or other natural figure that spiritually represents a group of related people such as a clan.Totemism was a key element of study in the development of 19th and early 20th century theories of religion, especially for thinkers such as Émile Durkheim, who concentrated their study on primitive societies. Drawing on the identification of social group with spiritual totem in Australian aboriginal tribes, Durkheim theorized that all human religious expression was intrinsically founded in the relationship to a group. Totems are chosen arbitrarily for the sole purpose of making the physical world a comprehensive and coherent classificatory system. Lévi-Strauss argues that the use of physical analogies is not an indication of a more primitive mental capacity. It is rather, a more efficient way to cope with this particular mode of life in which abstractions are rare, and in which the physical environment is in direct friction with the society. He also holds that scientific explanation entails the discovery of an "arrangement"; moreover, since "the science of the concrete" is a classificatory system enabling individuals to classify the world in a rational fashion, it is neither more nor less a science than any other in the western world. (Wikipedia)
Cultural flag of the Kanak community, showing a flèche faîtière like wooden totem monument placed atop Kanak traditional dwellings. Lévi-Strauss looked at the ideas of Firth and Fortes, Durkheim, Malinowski, and Evans-Pritchard to reach his conclusions. Firth and Fortes argued that totemism was based on physical or psychological similarities between the clan and the totemic animal. Malinowski proposed that it was based on empirical interest or that the totem was 'good to eat.' In other words, there was rational interest in preserving the species. Finally Evans-Pritchard argued that the reason for totems was metaphoric. His work with the Nuer led him to believe that totems are a symbolic representation of the group. Lévi-Strauss considered Evan-Pritchard's work the correct explanation. (Wikipedia)
Totemism is a complex of varied ideas and ways of behaviour based on a worldview drawn from nature. There are ideological, mystical, emotional, reverential, and genealogical relationships of social groups or specific persons with animals or natural objects, the so-called totems. It is necessary to differentiate between group and individual totemism. These forms share some basic characteristics, but they occur with different emphases and in different specific forms. For instance, people generally view the totem as a companion, relative, protector, progenitor, or helper, ascribe to it superhuman powers and abilities, and offer it some combination of respect, veneration, awe, and fear. Most cultures use special names and emblems to refer to the totem, and those it sponsors engage in partial identification with the totem or symbolic assimilation to it. There is usually a prohibition or taboo against killing, eating, or touching the totem. Although totems are often the focus of ritual behaviour, it is generally agreed that totemism is not a religion. Totemism can certainly include religious elements in varying degrees, just as it can appear conjoined with magic. Totemism is frequently mixed with different kinds of other beliefs, such as ancestor worship, ideas of the soul, or animism. Such mixtures have historically made the understanding of particular totemistic forms difficult. (Encyclopedia of Britannica)
Individual totemism is expressed in an intimate relationship of friendship and protection between a person and a particular animal or a natural object (sometimes between a person and a species of animal); the natural object can grant special power to its owner. Frequently connected with individual totemism are definite ideas about the human soul and conceptions derived from them, such as the idea of an alter ego and nagualism--from the Spanish form of the Aztec word naualli, "something hidden or veiled"--which means that a kind of simultaneous existence is assumed between an animal or a natural object and a person; i.e., a mutual, close bond of life and fate exist in such a way that in case of the injury, sickness, or death of one partner, the same fate would befall the other member of the relationship. Consequently, such totems became most strongly tabooed; above all, they were connected with family or group leaders, chiefs, medicine men, shamans, and other socially significant persons. In shamanism, an earlier trait of individual totemism is often ascertained: the animalistic protective spirits can sometimes be derived from individual totems. To some extent, there also exists a tendency to pass on an individual totem as hereditary or to make taboo the entire species of animal to which the individual totem belongs. In this can perhaps be seen the beginning of the development of totems that belong to a group. Many tales about the origins of the group totem could, perhaps, point in this direction. Individual totemism is widely disseminated. It is found not only among the tribes of hunters and harvesters but also among farmers and herdsmen. Individual totemism is especially emphasized among the Australian Aborigines.( Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief)
Totemism has both a religious and a social aspect. These aspects vary; thus with the interior Australian tribes the religious aspect is predominant; with the coastal tribes the social aspect prevails. Lord Avebury and Spencer hold that Totemism began as a social system only, and that the superstitious regard for the totem is an aftergrowth. A. Lang, failing to grasp the religious meaning of the totem, has helped to popularize this view. McLennan and Robertson Smith teach that the religious reverence for the totem was original. Father Morice says that Totemism among the Dénés is essentially and exclusively connected with their religious system. Investigation into the nature of Totemism shows this to be the true opinion. Durkheim holds the totem to be a god. This is a mistake. The respect paid to the totem is like that given to relatives or brothers; it is his friend and helper, not his superior. Frazer says Totemism has done little to foster the higher forms of religion, and Murillier does not admit the possibility of any transition from Totemism to any other stage of religious evolution. McGee quotes Darsey, that among the Sioux totems were reverenced rather than worshipped. Frazer at first maintained the religious aspect of Totemism; now he denies this. He says the key to the Totemism of Australian natives is furnished by the Intichiuma ceremonies ; and as these ceremonies, peculiar to each totem group, are performed with spells and enchantments for the multiplication of the totem animal, therefore in its origin Totemism is simply an organized and co-operative system of magic devised for economic purposes. The criticism is that this view is superficial and unsatisfactory, that investigations show the Australian savage life to be saturated with the belief in spirits, yet if we study them in the background of the belief in spirits, their purposes more probably are the multiplication of the reincarnated forms of the spirits. When, e.g. the members of the Kangaroo clan perform magic ceremonies for the multiplication of Kangaroos, we are not warranted in stating that kangaroo animals are in question, for members of this clan are also called Kangaroos. Hence the multiplication of the human species may be intended, so that the Kangaroo spirits may be reincarnated. This seems to be confirmed by the rites having a reference to human generation performed at the puberty or Engwura ceremonies.(Catholic Encyclopedia)
Finally, the relation of exogamy to Totemism is a problem of great difficulty, and will not be completely solved until the origin of exogamy is definitely established. It is a fact that the custom prevails in many tribes that a man cannot marry a woman of his own totem, but must seek a wife from another totem clan. Hence many writers inferred that Totemism and exogamy existed together as different sides of the same institution. Thus A. Lang regards exogamy as the essential feature of Totemism. Hill-Tout takes issue with him maintaining that it is accidental or secondary, that the possession of the same totem becomes a bar to marriage only because it marks kinship by blood, which is the real bar. Lang by totem means "the hereditary totem of the exogamous clan" and admits that if we take totem in its wider extent as comprehending the "personal" totem, the "secret society" totem and the "tribal" totem, then members of these totem groups can intermarry. McLennan and Robertson Smith held that Totemism is found generally in connexion with exogamy, but must be older than exogamy. This view has been confirmed by the investigations of Spencer and Gillen among the Australian savages. They teach that Totemism is a primary and exogamy a secondary feature, and give traditions proving the existence of totems long before that of exogamous groups, and that when the latter did arise, the totems were not affected by them. Hence the exogamous class is a social organization totally different in origin and nature from the totemic clan, and not a mere extension of it, although they have crossed and blended in many places. Again Totemism and exogamy are found existing separately. Father Brun says the totemic clans of the Sudan are not exogamous. Dr. Rivers points out that the natives of Banks Islands have pure Totemism and pure exogamy existing side by side without influencing each other.( Catholic Encyclopedia)
Different theories have been proposed to account for the origin of exogamy, Westermark says it arose in the aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin, i.e. in horror of incest. This is very probably the true solution. McLennan holds that exogamy was due originally to scarcity of women, which obliged men to seek wives from other groups, i.e. marriage by capture, and this in time grew into a custom. Durkheim derives exogamy from Totemism, and says it arose from a religious respect for the blood of a totemic clan, for the clan totem is a god and is especially in the blood. Morgan and Howitt maintain that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations: especially between brother and sister, which had been common in a previous state of promiscuity. Frazer says this is the true solution, that it really introduced group marriage, which is an advance to monogamy, and that the most complete record of this is the classificatory system of relationship. Lang, however, denies there is any group marriage, and says the so-called group marriage is only tribe-regulated licence. Hill-Tout writes that exogamous rules arose for political reasons by marriage treaties between the groups. Darwin denies primitive promiscuous intercourse, and says exogamy arose from the strongest male driving the other males out of the group. This is also the opinion of Lang, Atkinson, and Letourneau. (Catholic Encyclopedia)
WORKS CITED
1. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopaedia Network. Totem from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Totemism from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/600496/totemis
3. Jesusi. Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief: Totemism October 28, 2009 from
http://www.cyberspacei.com/jesusi/inlight/religion/belief/totemism.htm
4. Catholic Encyclopedia. Totemism from
http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=11641
THE PARMENIDES December 2009
In this project i found many good informations about Parmenides work.
Parmenides work
Parmenides of Elea was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. Parmenides was also a priest of Apollo and iatromantis. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. Parmenides was born in the Greek colony of Elea, which, according to Herodotus, had been founded shortly before 535 BCE. He was descended from a wealthy and illustrious family. His dates are uncertain; according to Diogenes Laërtius, he flourished just before 500 BCE, which would put his year of birth near 540 BCE, but Plato has him visiting Athens at the age of 65, when Socrates was a young man, c. 450 BCE, which, if true, suggests a year of birth of 515 BCE. He was said to have been a pupil of Xenophanes, and regardless of whether they actually knew each other, Xenophanes' philosophy is the most obvious influence on Parmenides. Diogenes Laërtius also describes Parmenides as a disciple of "Ameinias, son of Diochaites, the Pythagorean"; but there are no obvious Pythagorean elements in his thought. The first hero cult of a philosopher we know of was Parmenides' dedication of a heroon to his teacher Ameinias in Velia, south of Naples. Parmenides was the founder of the School of Elea, which also included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. Of his life in Elea, it was said that he had written the laws of the city. His most important pupil was Zeno, who according to Plato, was twenty-five years his junior, and was his eromenos. Parmenides had a large influence on Plato, who not only named a dialogue, Parmenides, after him, but always spoke of him with veneration. (Wikipedia)
In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth, he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of western philosophy. Parmenides' poem began with a proem describing a journey he figuratively once made to the abode of a goddess. He described how he was conveyed on “the far-fabled path of the divinity” in a chariot by a team of mares and how the maiden daughters of Helios, the sun-god, led the way. These maidens take Parmenides to whence they themselves have come, to “the halls of Night”, before which stand “the gates of the paths of night and day”. The maidens gently persuade Justice, guardian of these gates, to open them so that Parmenides himself may pass through to the abode within. Parmenides thus describes how the goddess who dwells there welcomed him upon his arrival. Parmenides' proem is no epistemological allegory of enlightenment but a topographically specific description of a mystical journey to the halls of Night. In Hesiod, the “horrible dwelling of dark Night” is where the goddesses Night and Day alternately reside as the other traverses the sky above the Earth. Both Parmenides' and Hesiod's conception of this place have their precedent in the Babylonian mythology of the sun god's abode. This abode also traditionally served as a place of judgment, and this fact tends to confirm that when Parmenides' goddess tells him that no ill fate has sent him ahead to this place, she is indicating that he has miraculously reached the place to which travel the souls of the dead. (Stanford College)
After the exposition of the origin, the necessary part of reality that is understood through reason or logos, in the next section, the Way of Appearance/Opinion/Seeming, Parmenides proceeds to explain the structure of the becoming cosmos that comes from this origin. The traditional interpretation of Parmenides' work is that he argued that the every-day perception of reality of the physical world’s mistaken, and that the reality of the world is 'One Being' unchanging, ingenerated, indestructible whole. Under the Way of Opinion, Parmenides set out a contrasting but more conventional view of the world, thereby becoming an early exponent of the duality of appearance and reality. For him and his pupils, the phenomena of movement and change are simply appearances of a static, eternal reality. It is with respect to this religious/mystical context that recent generations of scholars such as Alexander P. Mourelatos, Charles H. Kahn, and the controversial Peter Kingsley have begun to call parts of the traditional, rational logical/philosophical interpretation of Parmenides into question. It has been claimed that previous scholars placed too little emphasis on the apocalyptic context in which Parmenides frames his revelation. As a result, traditional interpretations have put Parmenidean philosophy into a more modern, metaphysical context to which it is not necessarily well suited, which has led to misunderstanding of the true meaning and intention of Parmenides' message. The obscurity and fragmentary state of the text, however, renders almost every claim that can be made about Parmenides extremely contentious, and the traditional interpretation has by no means been abandoned. (Wikipedia)
The strict monist interpretation is influentially represented in the first two volumes of W. K. C. Guthrie's A History of Greek Philosophy, where it is accorded a critical role in the development of early Greek natural philosophy from the purported material monism of the early Milesians to the pluralist physical theories of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the early atomists, Leucippus and Democritus. On Guthrie's strict monist reading, Parmenides' deduction of the nature of reality led him to conclude “that reality, and must be, a unity in the strictest sense and that any change in it impossible” and therefore that “the world as perceived by the senses is unreal”. Parmenides made the ontological argument against nothingness, essentially denying the possible existence of a void. According to Aristotle, this led Leucippus to propose the atomic theory, which supposes that everything in the universe is either atoms or voids, specifically to contradict Parmenides' argument. Aristotle himself, proclaimed, in opposition to Leucippus, the dictum horror vacui or "nature abhors a vacuum". Aristotle reasoned that in a complete vacuum, motion would encounter no resistance, and thus infinite speed would be possible, something which Aristotle would not accept. (Stanford College)
Works Cited
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides
• http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/parmenides/
Parmenides work
Parmenides of Elea was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. Parmenides was also a priest of Apollo and iatromantis. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. Parmenides was born in the Greek colony of Elea, which, according to Herodotus, had been founded shortly before 535 BCE. He was descended from a wealthy and illustrious family. His dates are uncertain; according to Diogenes Laërtius, he flourished just before 500 BCE, which would put his year of birth near 540 BCE, but Plato has him visiting Athens at the age of 65, when Socrates was a young man, c. 450 BCE, which, if true, suggests a year of birth of 515 BCE. He was said to have been a pupil of Xenophanes, and regardless of whether they actually knew each other, Xenophanes' philosophy is the most obvious influence on Parmenides. Diogenes Laërtius also describes Parmenides as a disciple of "Ameinias, son of Diochaites, the Pythagorean"; but there are no obvious Pythagorean elements in his thought. The first hero cult of a philosopher we know of was Parmenides' dedication of a heroon to his teacher Ameinias in Velia, south of Naples. Parmenides was the founder of the School of Elea, which also included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. Of his life in Elea, it was said that he had written the laws of the city. His most important pupil was Zeno, who according to Plato, was twenty-five years his junior, and was his eromenos. Parmenides had a large influence on Plato, who not only named a dialogue, Parmenides, after him, but always spoke of him with veneration. (Wikipedia)
In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth, he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of western philosophy. Parmenides' poem began with a proem describing a journey he figuratively once made to the abode of a goddess. He described how he was conveyed on “the far-fabled path of the divinity” in a chariot by a team of mares and how the maiden daughters of Helios, the sun-god, led the way. These maidens take Parmenides to whence they themselves have come, to “the halls of Night”, before which stand “the gates of the paths of night and day”. The maidens gently persuade Justice, guardian of these gates, to open them so that Parmenides himself may pass through to the abode within. Parmenides thus describes how the goddess who dwells there welcomed him upon his arrival. Parmenides' proem is no epistemological allegory of enlightenment but a topographically specific description of a mystical journey to the halls of Night. In Hesiod, the “horrible dwelling of dark Night” is where the goddesses Night and Day alternately reside as the other traverses the sky above the Earth. Both Parmenides' and Hesiod's conception of this place have their precedent in the Babylonian mythology of the sun god's abode. This abode also traditionally served as a place of judgment, and this fact tends to confirm that when Parmenides' goddess tells him that no ill fate has sent him ahead to this place, she is indicating that he has miraculously reached the place to which travel the souls of the dead. (Stanford College)
After the exposition of the origin, the necessary part of reality that is understood through reason or logos, in the next section, the Way of Appearance/Opinion/Seeming, Parmenides proceeds to explain the structure of the becoming cosmos that comes from this origin. The traditional interpretation of Parmenides' work is that he argued that the every-day perception of reality of the physical world’s mistaken, and that the reality of the world is 'One Being' unchanging, ingenerated, indestructible whole. Under the Way of Opinion, Parmenides set out a contrasting but more conventional view of the world, thereby becoming an early exponent of the duality of appearance and reality. For him and his pupils, the phenomena of movement and change are simply appearances of a static, eternal reality. It is with respect to this religious/mystical context that recent generations of scholars such as Alexander P. Mourelatos, Charles H. Kahn, and the controversial Peter Kingsley have begun to call parts of the traditional, rational logical/philosophical interpretation of Parmenides into question. It has been claimed that previous scholars placed too little emphasis on the apocalyptic context in which Parmenides frames his revelation. As a result, traditional interpretations have put Parmenidean philosophy into a more modern, metaphysical context to which it is not necessarily well suited, which has led to misunderstanding of the true meaning and intention of Parmenides' message. The obscurity and fragmentary state of the text, however, renders almost every claim that can be made about Parmenides extremely contentious, and the traditional interpretation has by no means been abandoned. (Wikipedia)
The strict monist interpretation is influentially represented in the first two volumes of W. K. C. Guthrie's A History of Greek Philosophy, where it is accorded a critical role in the development of early Greek natural philosophy from the purported material monism of the early Milesians to the pluralist physical theories of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the early atomists, Leucippus and Democritus. On Guthrie's strict monist reading, Parmenides' deduction of the nature of reality led him to conclude “that reality, and must be, a unity in the strictest sense and that any change in it impossible” and therefore that “the world as perceived by the senses is unreal”. Parmenides made the ontological argument against nothingness, essentially denying the possible existence of a void. According to Aristotle, this led Leucippus to propose the atomic theory, which supposes that everything in the universe is either atoms or voids, specifically to contradict Parmenides' argument. Aristotle himself, proclaimed, in opposition to Leucippus, the dictum horror vacui or "nature abhors a vacuum". Aristotle reasoned that in a complete vacuum, motion would encounter no resistance, and thus infinite speed would be possible, something which Aristotle would not accept. (Stanford College)
Works Cited
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides
• http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/parmenides/
Instruments January 2008
Through this project we learn some informations about some instruments in China and Japan.
THE INSTRUMENTS
Through the history and culture of China and Japan, each country has created its own instruments for the music of the people, for different occasions.
In China, one kind of traditional instrumental is the chamber ensemble of winds and strings called Jiangnan sizhu. Si, it donates stringed instruments because strings used to be made of silk. Instruments belonging to the silk category include plucked strings, bowed strings and stuck strings. Firstly, in plucked category we have pipa, which is, a pear shaped, four-stringed plucked late with a short, bent neck and twenty-four frets. Through the history of pipa, an instrument associated with music for artistic entertainment rather than ceremonies and rituals. In the bowed strings are one or two erthu, which is, two stringed fiddles with hollow wooden cylindrical sound boxes having one side covered by snakeskin. Finally, the struck string is the yangyin a dulcimer struck with a pair of bamboo.
The second category of instruments is the Zhu and it donates wind instruments because they made from bamboo. This instruments that is be longing to bamboo is firstly dizi, which is, a transverse bamboo flute with six singer holes, a mouth hole, and another hole covered by a thin membrane which vibrates to give the instruments a reedy sound. Secondly is the xiao, which is, an end-blown bamboo flute with five frontal finger-holes, one hole in back, and a blowing hole on the top. Finally, is the sheng, which is, a free-reed mouth organ made of a series of bamboo pipes in a circle, each with a reed on its lower end, and all inserted into base made of cooper.
Thirdly, we have the percussion instruments. Firstly, we have a small flat drum called the gu and a paired wooden clapper called the ban, which played by one person. Secondly, is a muyu, which is a carved instrument struck with a pair of wooden sticks. Finally is a pongzhong, a pair of small hand-bells, which may be used in a certain pieces in the repertory.
In Japan, one kind of instruments is the percussion. In the percussion, we have the following instruments. Firstly, is the da-daiko, which is, a huge drum by two thick sticks. Secondly, is the tsuri-daiko, which is a suspended two-headed drum. Thirdly, is the shoko, which is, a small suspended gong played with two sticks. Finally, is the kakko, which is, a small drum whose two heads are struck with thin sticks. The second category of instruments is the strings. In the strings, we have the following instruments. Firstly, is the wagon, which is, a six-stringed zither used in kagura. Secondly, is the gaku-so, which is, a thirteen-stringed zither, a predecessor of the kote. Finally, is the biwa, which is, a pear-shaped lute with four strings and four flets played with a small plectrum.
The thirdly category of instruments is the winds. In the winds, we have firstly the hichiriki, which is, a short, double reed bamboo oboe with nine holes. Secondly, is the kagura-due, which is, a six-holed bamboo flute. Thirdly, is the ryuteki, a seven-holed bamboo flute and the koma-bue, which is, a six-hold flute.
Finally, as we analyze the instruments of China and Japan we understand that they have different instruments and its of them it has its own history and culture.
THE INSTRUMENTS
Through the history and culture of China and Japan, each country has created its own instruments for the music of the people, for different occasions.
In China, one kind of traditional instrumental is the chamber ensemble of winds and strings called Jiangnan sizhu. Si, it donates stringed instruments because strings used to be made of silk. Instruments belonging to the silk category include plucked strings, bowed strings and stuck strings. Firstly, in plucked category we have pipa, which is, a pear shaped, four-stringed plucked late with a short, bent neck and twenty-four frets. Through the history of pipa, an instrument associated with music for artistic entertainment rather than ceremonies and rituals. In the bowed strings are one or two erthu, which is, two stringed fiddles with hollow wooden cylindrical sound boxes having one side covered by snakeskin. Finally, the struck string is the yangyin a dulcimer struck with a pair of bamboo.
The second category of instruments is the Zhu and it donates wind instruments because they made from bamboo. This instruments that is be longing to bamboo is firstly dizi, which is, a transverse bamboo flute with six singer holes, a mouth hole, and another hole covered by a thin membrane which vibrates to give the instruments a reedy sound. Secondly is the xiao, which is, an end-blown bamboo flute with five frontal finger-holes, one hole in back, and a blowing hole on the top. Finally, is the sheng, which is, a free-reed mouth organ made of a series of bamboo pipes in a circle, each with a reed on its lower end, and all inserted into base made of cooper.
Thirdly, we have the percussion instruments. Firstly, we have a small flat drum called the gu and a paired wooden clapper called the ban, which played by one person. Secondly, is a muyu, which is a carved instrument struck with a pair of wooden sticks. Finally is a pongzhong, a pair of small hand-bells, which may be used in a certain pieces in the repertory.
In Japan, one kind of instruments is the percussion. In the percussion, we have the following instruments. Firstly, is the da-daiko, which is, a huge drum by two thick sticks. Secondly, is the tsuri-daiko, which is a suspended two-headed drum. Thirdly, is the shoko, which is, a small suspended gong played with two sticks. Finally, is the kakko, which is, a small drum whose two heads are struck with thin sticks. The second category of instruments is the strings. In the strings, we have the following instruments. Firstly, is the wagon, which is, a six-stringed zither used in kagura. Secondly, is the gaku-so, which is, a thirteen-stringed zither, a predecessor of the kote. Finally, is the biwa, which is, a pear-shaped lute with four strings and four flets played with a small plectrum.
The thirdly category of instruments is the winds. In the winds, we have firstly the hichiriki, which is, a short, double reed bamboo oboe with nine holes. Secondly, is the kagura-due, which is, a six-holed bamboo flute. Thirdly, is the ryuteki, a seven-holed bamboo flute and the koma-bue, which is, a six-hold flute.
Finally, as we analyze the instruments of China and Japan we understand that they have different instruments and its of them it has its own history and culture.
WIND January 2008
Through this project i discovered many good infornations about Wind the company that it is one of the three Mobiles company in the world.
WIND
The Greek market of Mobile Telephony is characterized by high degree of penetration and advanced technology. Since the first years of operations media Telephony has become necessary means of communication by most Greeks and an integrated of their every day life. The business segment of Mobile Telephony is one of the highest growth segments of the country since the companies involved in a provision of Mobile Telephony services have made considerable investments of high value, both, for the development of telecommunications and technological infrastructure and in human resources.
WIND Hellas is today one of Greece’s largest telecommunications operator with an annual turnover 1.1 billion and more than 4 million customers. It was founded in 1992 as a subsidiary of Telecom Italia and ever since it was established as the technology leader of Greek mobile telephony market thank to its innovative products and services. In 2005 the company was acquired by Apax Partners and the Texas Pacific Group and Texas Pacific Group, two of the biggest international investments funds. In 2006, TIM Hellas acquired Q TELECOM, the fourth largest mobile operator in Greece. This acquisition allowed TIM Hellas to further strengthen its market position. 2007 is another milestone in the company’s history. On February 7th, Weather Investments S.P.A who controls the international telecom group of Orascom Telecom acquires TIM Hellas.
WIND Hellas is part of Weather investments a global telecommunication group controlled by the Sawiris family and Nagaib Sawiris. Weather owns Wind Telecommunicazioni spa, the third largest mobile operator in Italy as well as a 50% plus one share of Orascom Telecom Holding S.A.E. Orascom Telecom is a leading international telecommunications company operating GSM networks in seven high growth markets in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia.
In Greece, through Wind Hellas, the Weather Investments group has a significant presence in the local market and develops synergies to offer even more competitive products and services. WIND celebrates a new era in communication during which its customers will enjoy so much more.
Through all this years in Greece had developed three big telecommunication companies. The first is VODAFONE, The second company is WIND Hellas and the third company is COSMOTE. Through these three companies we have a high competition for the following reasons. Firstly, all companies they want to have a very good image through the people and they can do everything to succeed it. Secondly, VODAFONE is the first telecommunication company in Greece and with WIND Hellas have a big competition and every month they try to sell different ideas to the customers and off cource the other companies will provide the same ideas with some changes. Finally, COSMOTE the third company it is not a big competitor of WIND Hellas but it tries something different that other companies can not think. This was a direct competition.
But WIND Hellas has indirect competitors as all telecommunication companies. These are hypothetical spies from other companies and they want to learn future plan of the company. Offcource spies can destroy companies through many ways. Firstly, they can high people that in the past had worked for WIND Hellas in the department of advertising and campaign. Finally, even the lawyers can destroy a company because they know many things about the money that WIND Hellas have in the banks and they can hypothetical speaking leave with that money and destroy the company in a few seconds.
Through all this years we have seen many advertising campaigns from all the telecommunication companies. But the last years the competition is very big and the companies try to be first every time in some advertising campaigns ideas and the others will follow. VODAFONE the last months have done many advertising campaigns but two campaigns change the way of thinking of the company. The first advertising campaign was that with five euro you take a new sell phone number and you free time of speaking and sending messages around five euros. Before this campaign if you want to buy a new phone number you should pay twenty euro. The advertising campaign that outside from a kiosk you can see newspapers magazines etc, but outside from this kiosk you can see new phone numbers only. The second advertising campaign of VODAFONE was with three euro you can take card with units. Before this advertising when the units from your sell phone was over you could only buy a card with ten euro. In this advertising campaign is young boy and he speaking with his friend in the road with his sell phone and suddenly he stops speaking because the units was end. Then he go at a kiosk and he buy a card with three euro credits.
The second telecommunication company is COSMOTE. In Greece is the third company that people trust to communicate. The last advertising campaign was something new in the way that people speak through free time. The code name of campaign was “FREEZE”. Through this campaign you can call only people that have COSMOTE and speak with them only twenty minutes and they will charge only three minutes. In this campaign they are people that run in the roads, around the buildings and they try to come in a COSMOTE shop to take this program. This program it’s a new idea and until now you can not see in any other company.
The WIND Hellas wants to succeed in many things that they can reach. Firstly, they want to have WIND stores everywhere. Right now they have 350 WIND stores and more than 20.000 points of sale over Greece and customers may find WIND Hellas everywhere. WIND stores are located in the busiest city centers as well as in any part of the country and more than 100o well trained agencies that help customers to make the best choice and win more over than ever. Secondly, they want to have the best sale agencies in Greece. WIND Hellas invests in its people. It offers to its 1650 employees a challenging environment of continuous professional development and personal growth. It is estimated that during 2006 WIND employees participated in 46.000 hours of seminars. The average is 33 years old and is highly educated. The 35% own bachelor degrees, the 20% own master degrees and 32% own technical diplomas. Finally, WIND Hellas wants to be the leader as the first choice of people that will have, through which company will choose to speak. But to succeed this must work harder from all the other years. With the changes that happened through the previous months all can happened. The most important think is that the competition through the following years will be harder and harder.
TARGET GROUPS
Attracting a New Target Group:
Despite the already existing target group, WIND is interested in also attracting a different consumers; one that is close to its already existing one, but varies in important ways. The typical clients that we are going to attract will be in most cases both male and female and each one of all class income.So, we have to focus separately on each class and first of all by mentioning the low-middle one, which are usually young age people (15-30 years old). As a younger age group than our already existing one, this group’s income is thought to be around average and a bit below; meaning that this target group’s interests vary from those of our already existing one.According to our thought this specific class of clients actually needs a special handling and specific offers, according to their income. Therefore, people with such an economic situation within society have same interests and habits than most. All these facts can help us find settings for where to advertise, what our advertisements and marketing programs should consist of. For example, it would be clever to place advertisements with our products on billboards that are located in central areas. That we are going to achieve is to expand our client’s range to every corner of the country.
After conducting marketing research on our specific target group, we will use their habits and interests in order to reach them. For example, due to their young age, their interests include purchasing new technological advances; therefore it would be wise for the profits of our company to offer to our public such new kinds of technological advances through new models of mobile telecommunication.
Also, we have to find ways to attract or to keep touch with the high status clients. That means that these kinds of consumers are well off economically and probably enjoys high status within a society. Therefore, people with such an economic situation and status within society have different interest and habits than most. Meaning, this class of people enjoy expensive and flashy sports (such as golf), furthermore there purchasing behaviour is different too; he/she will most likely dress in brand named clothing, have a luxurious car and eat classy restaurants. One may think, is all this so important? Why do we care where someone eats? Well, all these facts can help us find settings for where to advertise, what our advertisements and marketing program should consist of. In addition we also mentioned that WIND client has limited leisure time in his/her hands. That means that it would be clever to reconstruct for them programs which are going to fit to their needs; such as corporate packages for their businesses, no limit communication between partners, and special prices in large amounts of accounts. We are going to introduce a program with better prices for roaming for incoming and outgoing calls.
Another target group that as a telecommunication company we have to attract, is “friends and family”. We have to introduce new telecommunication programs which will fulfil even the highest expectations of this specific target group. We are going to create for example, a program in which all the members of the family can talk each other with the lowest charges in the market and the lowest charges in SMS and MMS. It is very important for us to understand and then to fulfil all the needs and wants of our consumers, that is why we are going to based on the needs that we mentioned before.
CAMPAIGN GOALS
The re-launch campaign’s goals are to first of all increase circulation therefore revenues. We want WIND to be known as the top telecommunication company with the most efficient support worldwide, which provides the most benefit packages for all. These important issues we expect that will have an influence and affect each and every person in Greece.
CAMPAIGN
First of all we should mention once again that WIND does not intend to change its image, but insists in remaining true to its traditional beliefs and characteristics. The campaign aims at refreshing the telecommunication’s image by advertising in new locations, mediums, attracting a new and wider clients and moreover reminding the public that it is the top in its field of telecommunications.
But we want to expand our telecommunication range to every corner of the world. The issue now is how WIND will actually manage to attract this specific target group. As we mentioned above our new consumers are looking for someone to give them good prices and technological advances. Furthermore, after conducting marketing research on our new target groups, it would be wise for WIND to advertise in such magazines or websites. But we will analyze these further on.
LOCATIONS AND MEDIUMS OF ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION
We will promote the programs and packages on radio and television. We are going to do that because radio and television are mediums that the audience of Greece prefers. Outdoor advertising might not be helpful and successful. Finally, the Internet would be the most successful ways of advertising of all. Now it is necessary to take under consideration each target group’s interests and habits, in order to create marketing techniques to promote WIND’s programs. Taking into consideration the ages of our target groups and their average income, one can say their purchasing behavior, activities and habits are expensive but more adventurous. So that would give our clients the opportunity to promote itself through technology (internet), publications such as Sports Illustrated as well as lifestyle magazines.
Furthermore, Sunday newspaper editions would be a wise location to place advertisements for WIND. Also, conferences sponsored by WIND would work with these specific target groups too. WIND could organize seminars or conferences that would have a special guest, someone who has a successful career in Greece. The customers could attend these seminars and be offered various advice and helpful secrets on telecommunications. WIND already has a website, www.tim.gr, which is changed to wind; it is a very successful and frequently visited website. We believe that there is no need for any changes within this site. It is a complete, clear and user friendly website. Furthermore, WIND can advertise in websites that contain sections about specific topics that are somehow related to the magazine’s target groups. For example it would be fine to advertise our company in the following:
Google.com
Msn.com
In.gr
And any websites connected with technological advancements
CONCEPT AND TACTICS OF OUR PROMOTIONAL CAMPAIGN IN ALL MEDIUMS
The concept that WIND will tray to transmit to its customers is that the programs of the company will be reliable, trustworthy, that will offer to consumers’ information as well as special offers. We want our customers to trust the information and packages we are going to provide them with. So, in order to promote WIND on television we are going to use some celebrities; the idea to include Zeta Makripoulia, the famous actor and Antonis Remos, the famous singer with mobile phones in their hands is a clever concept. So the “script” is going to include Zeta, who is at her performance for her role at theatre in Thesaloniki and of course Antonis, who is in Athens for the opening of his music concert. Even if they are far away from each other, through WIND they came closer! So, the slogan of the advertisement will be: “Bring us closer”. “WIND secures the “elimination” of distances and brings us closer!” This is our slogan and we are going to use it in all mediums, in order to promote our advertisement. This concept in advertisements will be implemented for only a year’s period and even if the ad is on a bill board or a newspaper it will have the same concept. So according to our thought we suppose that it will be better to select “Star Channel” or even “Alter” channel, in order to present our ad. We conclude at this choice because both of these channels have a tremendous viewership between the entire economical statuses.
Furthermore, we have to mention the matter about the brand name. So we have to focus on this and especially when the brand name of a company changes, usually the company’s image is transformed. But as we mentioned earlier our goal is to reinforce the WIND’s image not to transform it. We want to create a legend for WIND’s trademark. By saying about the advertising issue, we have also to mention and all the other mediums, in which our ad is going to be presented. For a newspaper we focus on some gossip one, which is going to be read by the most of the public here in Greece. An example of it is “Espresso”. But also we have to include to our concept and a political newspaper, which is referring to businessman in specialization on their fields. A good example of it is “Vima” or “Kathimerini”. Always we have to have in the back of our head that a great amount of people use to make a specific selection about what they read and that is why we are trying to “touch” every professional, every simple human being, every teenager, every elder woman and even every family member of all interests and economic situations. Everything that has to do with the radio part probably is going to cost “nothing” for our company, because we are focusing on the sound and not on the image. An example of a radio station, in which we are going to present our ad, is “Sfera FM” or even “Sports FM”. We suppose that is going to be the best choice because, we targeting every economic stage, every age and even every preference on what the public hears.
Moreover, the area of magazines is also a profitable stage for WIND. So we choose to advertise our concept to “Down Town” which is monthly, elite, and also gossip magazine, to “OK” which is a weekly magazine and finally to “RAM” which specializes on gadgets and new or even alternative technical advances. By using the above magazines, we will try to attract consumer’s attention of all economic and life-style statuses. The external costs of this advertisement are the most important part, on which we have to focus on. By choosing these two celebrities, is going to be a clever thought but also an expensive one about what the company is going to spend. So we conclude that we are to going to make a good and profitable deal for all of us and them, by proposing to them a specific amount of money for all the mediums, on which the specific advertisement is going to be presented. Finally we concluded on 15,000 euros in cash for both of them. At the end we have to refer to the concluded amount of money that the advertisement is going to cost for us on the entire mediums. So, for the television which is the most expensive medium, for the radio stations, for the magazines, for the newspapers and for the ads on the billboards we decided that we have to spend around 20,000 euros.
WIND
The Greek market of Mobile Telephony is characterized by high degree of penetration and advanced technology. Since the first years of operations media Telephony has become necessary means of communication by most Greeks and an integrated of their every day life. The business segment of Mobile Telephony is one of the highest growth segments of the country since the companies involved in a provision of Mobile Telephony services have made considerable investments of high value, both, for the development of telecommunications and technological infrastructure and in human resources.
WIND Hellas is today one of Greece’s largest telecommunications operator with an annual turnover 1.1 billion and more than 4 million customers. It was founded in 1992 as a subsidiary of Telecom Italia and ever since it was established as the technology leader of Greek mobile telephony market thank to its innovative products and services. In 2005 the company was acquired by Apax Partners and the Texas Pacific Group and Texas Pacific Group, two of the biggest international investments funds. In 2006, TIM Hellas acquired Q TELECOM, the fourth largest mobile operator in Greece. This acquisition allowed TIM Hellas to further strengthen its market position. 2007 is another milestone in the company’s history. On February 7th, Weather Investments S.P.A who controls the international telecom group of Orascom Telecom acquires TIM Hellas.
WIND Hellas is part of Weather investments a global telecommunication group controlled by the Sawiris family and Nagaib Sawiris. Weather owns Wind Telecommunicazioni spa, the third largest mobile operator in Italy as well as a 50% plus one share of Orascom Telecom Holding S.A.E. Orascom Telecom is a leading international telecommunications company operating GSM networks in seven high growth markets in the Middle East, Africa and South Asia.
In Greece, through Wind Hellas, the Weather Investments group has a significant presence in the local market and develops synergies to offer even more competitive products and services. WIND celebrates a new era in communication during which its customers will enjoy so much more.
Through all this years in Greece had developed three big telecommunication companies. The first is VODAFONE, The second company is WIND Hellas and the third company is COSMOTE. Through these three companies we have a high competition for the following reasons. Firstly, all companies they want to have a very good image through the people and they can do everything to succeed it. Secondly, VODAFONE is the first telecommunication company in Greece and with WIND Hellas have a big competition and every month they try to sell different ideas to the customers and off cource the other companies will provide the same ideas with some changes. Finally, COSMOTE the third company it is not a big competitor of WIND Hellas but it tries something different that other companies can not think. This was a direct competition.
But WIND Hellas has indirect competitors as all telecommunication companies. These are hypothetical spies from other companies and they want to learn future plan of the company. Offcource spies can destroy companies through many ways. Firstly, they can high people that in the past had worked for WIND Hellas in the department of advertising and campaign. Finally, even the lawyers can destroy a company because they know many things about the money that WIND Hellas have in the banks and they can hypothetical speaking leave with that money and destroy the company in a few seconds.
Through all this years we have seen many advertising campaigns from all the telecommunication companies. But the last years the competition is very big and the companies try to be first every time in some advertising campaigns ideas and the others will follow. VODAFONE the last months have done many advertising campaigns but two campaigns change the way of thinking of the company. The first advertising campaign was that with five euro you take a new sell phone number and you free time of speaking and sending messages around five euros. Before this campaign if you want to buy a new phone number you should pay twenty euro. The advertising campaign that outside from a kiosk you can see newspapers magazines etc, but outside from this kiosk you can see new phone numbers only. The second advertising campaign of VODAFONE was with three euro you can take card with units. Before this advertising when the units from your sell phone was over you could only buy a card with ten euro. In this advertising campaign is young boy and he speaking with his friend in the road with his sell phone and suddenly he stops speaking because the units was end. Then he go at a kiosk and he buy a card with three euro credits.
The second telecommunication company is COSMOTE. In Greece is the third company that people trust to communicate. The last advertising campaign was something new in the way that people speak through free time. The code name of campaign was “FREEZE”. Through this campaign you can call only people that have COSMOTE and speak with them only twenty minutes and they will charge only three minutes. In this campaign they are people that run in the roads, around the buildings and they try to come in a COSMOTE shop to take this program. This program it’s a new idea and until now you can not see in any other company.
The WIND Hellas wants to succeed in many things that they can reach. Firstly, they want to have WIND stores everywhere. Right now they have 350 WIND stores and more than 20.000 points of sale over Greece and customers may find WIND Hellas everywhere. WIND stores are located in the busiest city centers as well as in any part of the country and more than 100o well trained agencies that help customers to make the best choice and win more over than ever. Secondly, they want to have the best sale agencies in Greece. WIND Hellas invests in its people. It offers to its 1650 employees a challenging environment of continuous professional development and personal growth. It is estimated that during 2006 WIND employees participated in 46.000 hours of seminars. The average is 33 years old and is highly educated. The 35% own bachelor degrees, the 20% own master degrees and 32% own technical diplomas. Finally, WIND Hellas wants to be the leader as the first choice of people that will have, through which company will choose to speak. But to succeed this must work harder from all the other years. With the changes that happened through the previous months all can happened. The most important think is that the competition through the following years will be harder and harder.
TARGET GROUPS
Attracting a New Target Group:
Despite the already existing target group, WIND is interested in also attracting a different consumers; one that is close to its already existing one, but varies in important ways. The typical clients that we are going to attract will be in most cases both male and female and each one of all class income.So, we have to focus separately on each class and first of all by mentioning the low-middle one, which are usually young age people (15-30 years old). As a younger age group than our already existing one, this group’s income is thought to be around average and a bit below; meaning that this target group’s interests vary from those of our already existing one.According to our thought this specific class of clients actually needs a special handling and specific offers, according to their income. Therefore, people with such an economic situation within society have same interests and habits than most. All these facts can help us find settings for where to advertise, what our advertisements and marketing programs should consist of. For example, it would be clever to place advertisements with our products on billboards that are located in central areas. That we are going to achieve is to expand our client’s range to every corner of the country.
After conducting marketing research on our specific target group, we will use their habits and interests in order to reach them. For example, due to their young age, their interests include purchasing new technological advances; therefore it would be wise for the profits of our company to offer to our public such new kinds of technological advances through new models of mobile telecommunication.
Also, we have to find ways to attract or to keep touch with the high status clients. That means that these kinds of consumers are well off economically and probably enjoys high status within a society. Therefore, people with such an economic situation and status within society have different interest and habits than most. Meaning, this class of people enjoy expensive and flashy sports (such as golf), furthermore there purchasing behaviour is different too; he/she will most likely dress in brand named clothing, have a luxurious car and eat classy restaurants. One may think, is all this so important? Why do we care where someone eats? Well, all these facts can help us find settings for where to advertise, what our advertisements and marketing program should consist of. In addition we also mentioned that WIND client has limited leisure time in his/her hands. That means that it would be clever to reconstruct for them programs which are going to fit to their needs; such as corporate packages for their businesses, no limit communication between partners, and special prices in large amounts of accounts. We are going to introduce a program with better prices for roaming for incoming and outgoing calls.
Another target group that as a telecommunication company we have to attract, is “friends and family”. We have to introduce new telecommunication programs which will fulfil even the highest expectations of this specific target group. We are going to create for example, a program in which all the members of the family can talk each other with the lowest charges in the market and the lowest charges in SMS and MMS. It is very important for us to understand and then to fulfil all the needs and wants of our consumers, that is why we are going to based on the needs that we mentioned before.
CAMPAIGN GOALS
The re-launch campaign’s goals are to first of all increase circulation therefore revenues. We want WIND to be known as the top telecommunication company with the most efficient support worldwide, which provides the most benefit packages for all. These important issues we expect that will have an influence and affect each and every person in Greece.
CAMPAIGN
First of all we should mention once again that WIND does not intend to change its image, but insists in remaining true to its traditional beliefs and characteristics. The campaign aims at refreshing the telecommunication’s image by advertising in new locations, mediums, attracting a new and wider clients and moreover reminding the public that it is the top in its field of telecommunications.
But we want to expand our telecommunication range to every corner of the world. The issue now is how WIND will actually manage to attract this specific target group. As we mentioned above our new consumers are looking for someone to give them good prices and technological advances. Furthermore, after conducting marketing research on our new target groups, it would be wise for WIND to advertise in such magazines or websites. But we will analyze these further on.
LOCATIONS AND MEDIUMS OF ADVERTISING AND PROMOTION
We will promote the programs and packages on radio and television. We are going to do that because radio and television are mediums that the audience of Greece prefers. Outdoor advertising might not be helpful and successful. Finally, the Internet would be the most successful ways of advertising of all. Now it is necessary to take under consideration each target group’s interests and habits, in order to create marketing techniques to promote WIND’s programs. Taking into consideration the ages of our target groups and their average income, one can say their purchasing behavior, activities and habits are expensive but more adventurous. So that would give our clients the opportunity to promote itself through technology (internet), publications such as Sports Illustrated as well as lifestyle magazines.
Furthermore, Sunday newspaper editions would be a wise location to place advertisements for WIND. Also, conferences sponsored by WIND would work with these specific target groups too. WIND could organize seminars or conferences that would have a special guest, someone who has a successful career in Greece. The customers could attend these seminars and be offered various advice and helpful secrets on telecommunications. WIND already has a website, www.tim.gr, which is changed to wind; it is a very successful and frequently visited website. We believe that there is no need for any changes within this site. It is a complete, clear and user friendly website. Furthermore, WIND can advertise in websites that contain sections about specific topics that are somehow related to the magazine’s target groups. For example it would be fine to advertise our company in the following:
Google.com
Msn.com
In.gr
And any websites connected with technological advancements
CONCEPT AND TACTICS OF OUR PROMOTIONAL CAMPAIGN IN ALL MEDIUMS
The concept that WIND will tray to transmit to its customers is that the programs of the company will be reliable, trustworthy, that will offer to consumers’ information as well as special offers. We want our customers to trust the information and packages we are going to provide them with. So, in order to promote WIND on television we are going to use some celebrities; the idea to include Zeta Makripoulia, the famous actor and Antonis Remos, the famous singer with mobile phones in their hands is a clever concept. So the “script” is going to include Zeta, who is at her performance for her role at theatre in Thesaloniki and of course Antonis, who is in Athens for the opening of his music concert. Even if they are far away from each other, through WIND they came closer! So, the slogan of the advertisement will be: “Bring us closer”. “WIND secures the “elimination” of distances and brings us closer!” This is our slogan and we are going to use it in all mediums, in order to promote our advertisement. This concept in advertisements will be implemented for only a year’s period and even if the ad is on a bill board or a newspaper it will have the same concept. So according to our thought we suppose that it will be better to select “Star Channel” or even “Alter” channel, in order to present our ad. We conclude at this choice because both of these channels have a tremendous viewership between the entire economical statuses.
Furthermore, we have to mention the matter about the brand name. So we have to focus on this and especially when the brand name of a company changes, usually the company’s image is transformed. But as we mentioned earlier our goal is to reinforce the WIND’s image not to transform it. We want to create a legend for WIND’s trademark. By saying about the advertising issue, we have also to mention and all the other mediums, in which our ad is going to be presented. For a newspaper we focus on some gossip one, which is going to be read by the most of the public here in Greece. An example of it is “Espresso”. But also we have to include to our concept and a political newspaper, which is referring to businessman in specialization on their fields. A good example of it is “Vima” or “Kathimerini”. Always we have to have in the back of our head that a great amount of people use to make a specific selection about what they read and that is why we are trying to “touch” every professional, every simple human being, every teenager, every elder woman and even every family member of all interests and economic situations. Everything that has to do with the radio part probably is going to cost “nothing” for our company, because we are focusing on the sound and not on the image. An example of a radio station, in which we are going to present our ad, is “Sfera FM” or even “Sports FM”. We suppose that is going to be the best choice because, we targeting every economic stage, every age and even every preference on what the public hears.
Moreover, the area of magazines is also a profitable stage for WIND. So we choose to advertise our concept to “Down Town” which is monthly, elite, and also gossip magazine, to “OK” which is a weekly magazine and finally to “RAM” which specializes on gadgets and new or even alternative technical advances. By using the above magazines, we will try to attract consumer’s attention of all economic and life-style statuses. The external costs of this advertisement are the most important part, on which we have to focus on. By choosing these two celebrities, is going to be a clever thought but also an expensive one about what the company is going to spend. So we conclude that we are to going to make a good and profitable deal for all of us and them, by proposing to them a specific amount of money for all the mediums, on which the specific advertisement is going to be presented. Finally we concluded on 15,000 euros in cash for both of them. At the end we have to refer to the concluded amount of money that the advertisement is going to cost for us on the entire mediums. So, for the television which is the most expensive medium, for the radio stations, for the magazines, for the newspapers and for the ads on the billboards we decided that we have to spend around 20,000 euros.
Google project November 2007
This project it was an interesting idea where i explored and learn everything about Google.
GOOGLE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Through this project we can have a full icon about the company Google. As we can see Google have done a lot of things to be one of the important companies in the world. Through Google you can do a lot of things and you can advertise anything you want. Google as a company have earn a lot of money through advertising as we can see in the next pages and as things is going it will earn more in the future as the history informed as.
But a big company have a lot of strengths and weaknesses. Strengths like is the king of search-related advertising, and search-related ads are the fastest growing sector of the online ad business, which is growing at 41% annually and weaknesses like it do not have stable group of clients. Also Google have very good opportunities in the market though new services and search engines. Moreover as a company has some threats but this is life. Finally as we can see Google have raised social criticism in terms of the freedom of speech for the reason we explain later.
Historical Background
Google Inc. is an American public corporation, specializing in Internet search and online advertising. The company is based in Mountain View, California, and has 15,916 full-time employees Google's mission statement is, "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful." It is the largest American company that is not part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Google's corporate philosophy includes statements such as "Don't be evil" and "Work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun", illustrating a somewhat relaxed corporate culture.
Google began as a research project in January 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. They hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between websites would produce better results than existing techniques, which ranked results according to the number of times the search term appeared on a page. Their search engine was originally nicknamed "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate a site's importance. A small search engine called Rankdex was already exploring a similar strategy. Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. Originally the search engine used the Stanford University website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997, and the company was incorporated as Google Inc. on September 7, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. The total initial investment raised for the new company eventually amounted to almost $1.1 million, including a $100,000 check by Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems.
In March 1998, the company moved into offices in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups. After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003. The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the Googolplex. In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million. The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design and usability. In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords. The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed. Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at $.05 per click. This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com. While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.
Financing and initial public offering
The first funding for Google as a company was secured in the form of a USD100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which did not yet exist. Around six months later, a much larger round of funding was announced, with the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital. Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004. 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of $85 per share. Of that, 14,142,135 were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised $1.67 billion, and gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion. The vast majority of Google's 271 million shares remained under Google's control. Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google as of August 9, 2004, ten days before the IPO. Google's post-IPO stock performance has been very good as well, with shares hitting $700 for the first time on October 31, 2007, due to strong sales and earnings in the advertising market, as well as the release of new features like the desktop search function and personalized home page. The surge in stock price is fueled primarily by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.
Growth
While the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has begun to experiment with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company dMarc, which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio. This will allow Google to combine two niche advertising media—the Internet and radio—with Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers. Google has also begun an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago Sun-Times. They have been filling unsold space in the newspaper that would have normally been used for in-house advertisements.
Acquisitions
Since 2001, Google has acquired several small start-up companies, often consisting of innovative teams and products. One of the earlier companies that Google bought was Pyra Labs. They were the creators of Blogger, a weblog publishing platform, first launched in 1999. This acquisition led to many premium features becoming free. Pyra Labs was originally formed by Evan Williams, yet he left Google in 2004. In early 2006, Google acquired Upstartle, a company responsible for the online word processor, Writely. The technology in this product was used by Google to eventually create Google Docs & Spreadsheets. In February 2006, software company Adaptive Path sold Measure Map, a weblog statistics application, to Google. Registration to the service has since been temporarily disabled. The last update regarding the future of Measure Map was made on April 6, 2006 and outlined many of the service's known issues. In late 2006, Google bought online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock. Shortly after, on October 31, 2006, Google announced that it had also acquired JotSpot, a developer of wiki technology for collaborative Web sites. On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick. Google agreed to buy the company for $3.1 billion. On July 9, 2007, Google announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire enterprise messaging security and compliance company Postini.
Partnerships
In 2005, Google entered into partnerships with other companies and government agencies to improve production and services. Google announced a partnership with NASA Ames Research Center to build up 1,000,000 square feet of offices and work on research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry. Google also entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October to help share and distribute each other's technologies. The company entered into a partnership with Time Warner's AOL, to enhance each other's video search services. Also in 2005, the company became a major financial investor of the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, in conjunction with several other companies, including Microsoft, Nokia, Ericcson, and others. In September of 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service to its publishing partners providing the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the targeted placement of mobile text ads, and acquired the mobile social networking site, Zingku.mobi, to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices. Finally, in 2006 2006, Google and News Corp.'s Fox Interactive Media entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the popular social networking site, MySpace.
Strengths
• Google is king of search-related advertising, and search-related ads are the fastest growing sector of the online ad business, which is growing at 41% annually
• The extreme Pragmatism layout is very impressive to people: extreme simple web page, no display advertisings, no cartoon pictures, all the advertisings are text style, and these kinds of advertising only appear in 15% search result pages.
• Google has a competitive advantage on translating; Google can search over 50 language web sits, and the software that can handle 26 kinds of language.
• Google pay great attention on discovering new wireless application. Google has become the two big laptop brand (handspring and palm) Default search engine. Besides that, Google has signed a cooperation contract with Vodafone of Europe and DoCoMo of Japan.
• The Technical staff are currently investigating the voice searching system with BMW of Germany
• Google has advantages on search calculating and hardware improvement. The listing of Google search is based on Page Rank technology; this technology lists the items by its frequency of clicking and importance. Every single search result is based on the computer technology, which confirmed the advantage on technique, and Google has 70 Billions cash used in investing on new technologies.
• Google has almost twice as many search ad click-through as runner-up Yahoo. In December, Google had 16.5 trillion ads clicks-through, compared with Yahoo's 9 trillion, according to Nielsen/Net Ratings.
• Google earned $3.64 billion from U.S. online ad revenues in 2005, representing 69% of all paid search advertising, according to e Marketer.
• Google's market cap, now hovering at around $132 billion, is bigger than IBM and Chevron.
• The stock would likely soar past $600 this year.
• Google has a war chest of $7.6 billion for doing whatever it pleases.
• Google is one of the top 10 Web brands in the U.S., and the second-fastest-growing Web site, building traffic 29% in the past year. Only Apple's Web site is more popular; Yahoo and MSN lag far behind.
Weaknesses
• Too dependant on search based advertising.99 percent of its revenues come from search-related advertising. The remaining 1 percent comes from sales of its enterprise search appliance
• Stymied by its own success: Whether they like it or not, they are a media company," said Allen Weiner, an analyst at Gartner. "What they provide is very valuable aspects of media, all wrapped up in search. But they're missing the internal talent and internal capability to think like a media company. Everything is from a technology perspective, and that is a real shortcoming."
• The limitation of the location. Google head office is in the US, but there is over 50& of its revenue came from other countries
• The internal management structure of Google is very breakable. The perspectives between the new CEO and the Founder have some differences. They are more likely a group which is chasing the dream but not a profit-orientated organization. The larger Google growth in the future, the more obvious of the weakness shows up.
• Google does not have a stable group of clients.
• “Loss” on media advertising. Display advertising, keywords advertising, sponsor advertising and infomercial advertising are the unforgettable market for internet ad organizations. By these advertising strategies, Yahoo! Increased 39% revenue in 2004, which is about 8.57 billion dollar, but Google in this filed almost nothing significant.
• The orientation is not diversified, only search engine. Although, Google is keep on searching for new fields, none of them has competitive advantages, and also, the recruitment is similar to Microsoft, but there is no competitability to Microsoft.
Opportunities
Market trends
The market in the field of search engines has rapidly expanded since its inception. Today’s engines provide significantly more than internet directory and searching services. Google being the leader in this market expansion, has discovered and launched a huge number of new services revolving around the concept of an integrated, internet desktop environment.
The latter concept includes a set of services that go well beyond the scope of a search engine, or a remote web site, providing the user of new remote opportunities such as:
• To manage and host his own web page
• To manage, publish, and host remotely personal photo albums.
• To remotely use popular application such as spreadsheets and word processors.
• Have customized access to news from thousand news sources around the world.
• Maintain or even publish his own diary online
New services are being developed and researched daily that focus on extending the capabilities of desktop computers over the Internet. A list of the most promising experimental technologies in that area would include
• Taxi and shuttle ride finding options with the help of a map.
• Accessibility to the internet with people with disability problems.
• Statistical searches for public trends in music or other popular topics.
Search engines derive most of their revenues from advertising. Using today’s technology, advertisements within the search engine domain come in the form of link ranking and banners. More personalized services though, offer new ways that advertisers can deliver their message to the public. Such technologically advanced services can be exploited financially from Google in order to provide access to even more niche markets for advertisers and product vendors.
Technology
Technology is becoming more and more personalized. This fact allows parties with financial interests, unrestricted access to even more niche markets. Product vendors have more credible data regarding people’s trends which allows them to create more refined ways to approach customers.
Google has always been a leader in its field and still is well ahead of its competitors in terms of technological features. Typically, large search engines follow the footsteps of Google, trying to approach the company’s extensive services. There are very few services that engines such as Yahoo or MSN provide which do not exist in Google. The most important of those are messaging capabilities, using a custom messaging product. In this area MSN is the most popular with the MSN messenger having the largest number of downloads by end users.
Another service that has was always around but now is starting to integrate with search engines, has to do with the music market. Microsoft, having the advantage of being the number one provider of operating systems, used this fact for MSN. Taking into account that every workstation that has Windows installed has also the windows media player, Microsoft integrated into its search engine.
Threats
Expansion of competitors
Although being the leader, Google constantly researches new technologies to launch to the public. This has a direct relation with the rapid advancement of Google’s competitors. Most interesting services that can be found in Google today are most likely to be integrated in other search engines in the short term future if not yet having so.
In this area, Microsoft has the strategic advantage of being the company that besides internet services offers the most popular operating system platform. In this way, Microsoft is being competitive not only by issuing new services but also integrating them into the native workstation environment leveraging accessibility, usability and remote access.
A typical example of how Microsoft can pose a possible threat in the future is the launch of Microsoft map, a service similar to Google maps. Microsoft provides to the user about the same service however it goes a step forwards. Having the asset of producing windows, it integrates this service directly to the operating system, thus providing higher accessibility to the user that Google is.
Criticism by outsiders
Recent developments in Google have raised social criticism by some public in terms of the freedom of speech as well as the protection of sensitive personal information.
Since its foundation in 2005, Google China announced its intent to comply with Internet censorship laws in the People's Republic of China. This included the access blocking of a list of specific web sites that included censored content according to the PRC government. This issue, publicly known also as the “Golden Shield Project”, has been the focus of controversy over many critics. Google’s justification against the criticism was focused on the fact that it could play a more useful part to the cause of free speech by participating in China's IT industry than by refusing to comply and being denied admission to the Chinese market.
Another issue that has been raising public criticism is the fact that Google’s rapid developments combined with the exceptionally large volume of information could at some cases prove harmful to the individual privacy. One such case was a service provided form the Penn State law enforcement that was realized with the assistance of a Google technology called Google maps. This service provided information about the whereabouts of registered sexual offenders over that area. This information, which in European countries is considered personal and thus its propagation to the public is prohibited, was taken from the state police records.
Work Cited
• http://www.google.com Main site of Google
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google About Google
• http://labs.google.com/refinder An experimental a highly promising technology from Google.
• http:maps.google.com A very popular service of Google
• http:www.yahoo.com/ Main site of Yahoo
• http:www.msn.com Main site of Microsoft
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Through this project we can have a full icon about the company Google. As we can see Google have done a lot of things to be one of the important companies in the world. Through Google you can do a lot of things and you can advertise anything you want. Google as a company have earn a lot of money through advertising as we can see in the next pages and as things is going it will earn more in the future as the history informed as.
But a big company have a lot of strengths and weaknesses. Strengths like is the king of search-related advertising, and search-related ads are the fastest growing sector of the online ad business, which is growing at 41% annually and weaknesses like it do not have stable group of clients. Also Google have very good opportunities in the market though new services and search engines. Moreover as a company has some threats but this is life. Finally as we can see Google have raised social criticism in terms of the freedom of speech for the reason we explain later.
Historical Background
Google Inc. is an American public corporation, specializing in Internet search and online advertising. The company is based in Mountain View, California, and has 15,916 full-time employees Google's mission statement is, "to organize the world's information and make it universally accessible and useful." It is the largest American company that is not part of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. Google's corporate philosophy includes statements such as "Don't be evil" and "Work should be challenging and the challenge should be fun", illustrating a somewhat relaxed corporate culture.
Google began as a research project in January 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, two Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California. They hypothesized that a search engine that analyzed the relationships between websites would produce better results than existing techniques, which ranked results according to the number of times the search term appeared on a page. Their search engine was originally nicknamed "BackRub" because the system checked backlinks to estimate a site's importance. A small search engine called Rankdex was already exploring a similar strategy. Convinced that the pages with the most links to them from other highly relevant web pages must be the most relevant pages associated with the search, Page and Brin tested their thesis as part of their studies, and laid the foundation for their search engine. Originally the search engine used the Stanford University website with the domain google.stanford.edu. The domain google.com was registered on September 15, 1997, and the company was incorporated as Google Inc. on September 7, 1998 at a friend's garage in Menlo Park, California. The total initial investment raised for the new company eventually amounted to almost $1.1 million, including a $100,000 check by Andy Bechtolsheim, one of the founders of Sun Microsystems.
In March 1998, the company moved into offices in Palo Alto, home to several other noted Silicon Valley technology startups. After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics (SGI) in 2003. The company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the Googolplex. In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million. The Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design and usability. In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords. The ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed. Keywords were sold based on a combination of price bid and clickthroughs, with bidding starting at $.05 per click. This model of selling keyword advertising was pioneered by Goto.com. While many of its dot-com rivals failed in the new Internet marketplace, Google quietly rose in stature while generating revenue.
Financing and initial public offering
The first funding for Google as a company was secured in the form of a USD100,000 contribution from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given to a corporation which did not yet exist. Around six months later, a much larger round of funding was announced, with the major investors being rival venture capital firms Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital. Google's initial public offering took place on August 19, 2004. 19,605,052 shares were offered at a price of $85 per share. Of that, 14,142,135 were floated by Google and 5,462,917 by selling stockholders. The sale raised $1.67 billion, and gave Google a market capitalization of more than $23 billion. The vast majority of Google's 271 million shares remained under Google's control. Many of Google's employees became instant paper millionaires. Yahoo!, a competitor of Google, also benefited from the IPO because it owned 8.4 million shares of Google as of August 9, 2004, ten days before the IPO. Google's post-IPO stock performance has been very good as well, with shares hitting $700 for the first time on October 31, 2007, due to strong sales and earnings in the advertising market, as well as the release of new features like the desktop search function and personalized home page. The surge in stock price is fueled primarily by individual investors, as opposed to large institutional investors and mutual funds.
Growth
While the company's primary market is in the web content arena, Google has begun to experiment with other markets, such as radio and print publications. On January 17, 2006, Google announced that it had purchased the radio advertising company dMarc, which provides an automated system that allows companies to advertise on the radio. This will allow Google to combine two niche advertising media—the Internet and radio—with Google's ability to laser-focus on the tastes of consumers. Google has also begun an experiment in selling advertisements from its advertisers in offline newspapers and magazines, with select advertisements in the Chicago Sun-Times. They have been filling unsold space in the newspaper that would have normally been used for in-house advertisements.
Acquisitions
Since 2001, Google has acquired several small start-up companies, often consisting of innovative teams and products. One of the earlier companies that Google bought was Pyra Labs. They were the creators of Blogger, a weblog publishing platform, first launched in 1999. This acquisition led to many premium features becoming free. Pyra Labs was originally formed by Evan Williams, yet he left Google in 2004. In early 2006, Google acquired Upstartle, a company responsible for the online word processor, Writely. The technology in this product was used by Google to eventually create Google Docs & Spreadsheets. In February 2006, software company Adaptive Path sold Measure Map, a weblog statistics application, to Google. Registration to the service has since been temporarily disabled. The last update regarding the future of Measure Map was made on April 6, 2006 and outlined many of the service's known issues. In late 2006, Google bought online video site YouTube for $1.65 billion in stock. Shortly after, on October 31, 2006, Google announced that it had also acquired JotSpot, a developer of wiki technology for collaborative Web sites. On April 13, 2007, Google reached an agreement to acquire DoubleClick. Google agreed to buy the company for $3.1 billion. On July 9, 2007, Google announced that it had signed a definitive agreement to acquire enterprise messaging security and compliance company Postini.
Partnerships
In 2005, Google entered into partnerships with other companies and government agencies to improve production and services. Google announced a partnership with NASA Ames Research Center to build up 1,000,000 square feet of offices and work on research projects involving large-scale data management, nanotechnology, distributed computing, and the entrepreneurial space industry. Google also entered into a partnership with Sun Microsystems in October to help share and distribute each other's technologies. The company entered into a partnership with Time Warner's AOL, to enhance each other's video search services. Also in 2005, the company became a major financial investor of the new .mobi top-level domain for mobile devices, in conjunction with several other companies, including Microsoft, Nokia, Ericcson, and others. In September of 2007, Google launched, "Adsense for Mobile", a service to its publishing partners providing the ability to monetize their mobile websites through the targeted placement of mobile text ads, and acquired the mobile social networking site, Zingku.mobi, to "provide people worldwide with direct access to Google applications, and ultimately the information they want and need, right from their mobile devices. Finally, in 2006 2006, Google and News Corp.'s Fox Interactive Media entered into a $900 million agreement to provide search and advertising on the popular social networking site, MySpace.
Strengths
• Google is king of search-related advertising, and search-related ads are the fastest growing sector of the online ad business, which is growing at 41% annually
• The extreme Pragmatism layout is very impressive to people: extreme simple web page, no display advertisings, no cartoon pictures, all the advertisings are text style, and these kinds of advertising only appear in 15% search result pages.
• Google has a competitive advantage on translating; Google can search over 50 language web sits, and the software that can handle 26 kinds of language.
• Google pay great attention on discovering new wireless application. Google has become the two big laptop brand (handspring and palm) Default search engine. Besides that, Google has signed a cooperation contract with Vodafone of Europe and DoCoMo of Japan.
• The Technical staff are currently investigating the voice searching system with BMW of Germany
• Google has advantages on search calculating and hardware improvement. The listing of Google search is based on Page Rank technology; this technology lists the items by its frequency of clicking and importance. Every single search result is based on the computer technology, which confirmed the advantage on technique, and Google has 70 Billions cash used in investing on new technologies.
• Google has almost twice as many search ad click-through as runner-up Yahoo. In December, Google had 16.5 trillion ads clicks-through, compared with Yahoo's 9 trillion, according to Nielsen/Net Ratings.
• Google earned $3.64 billion from U.S. online ad revenues in 2005, representing 69% of all paid search advertising, according to e Marketer.
• Google's market cap, now hovering at around $132 billion, is bigger than IBM and Chevron.
• The stock would likely soar past $600 this year.
• Google has a war chest of $7.6 billion for doing whatever it pleases.
• Google is one of the top 10 Web brands in the U.S., and the second-fastest-growing Web site, building traffic 29% in the past year. Only Apple's Web site is more popular; Yahoo and MSN lag far behind.
Weaknesses
• Too dependant on search based advertising.99 percent of its revenues come from search-related advertising. The remaining 1 percent comes from sales of its enterprise search appliance
• Stymied by its own success: Whether they like it or not, they are a media company," said Allen Weiner, an analyst at Gartner. "What they provide is very valuable aspects of media, all wrapped up in search. But they're missing the internal talent and internal capability to think like a media company. Everything is from a technology perspective, and that is a real shortcoming."
• The limitation of the location. Google head office is in the US, but there is over 50& of its revenue came from other countries
• The internal management structure of Google is very breakable. The perspectives between the new CEO and the Founder have some differences. They are more likely a group which is chasing the dream but not a profit-orientated organization. The larger Google growth in the future, the more obvious of the weakness shows up.
• Google does not have a stable group of clients.
• “Loss” on media advertising. Display advertising, keywords advertising, sponsor advertising and infomercial advertising are the unforgettable market for internet ad organizations. By these advertising strategies, Yahoo! Increased 39% revenue in 2004, which is about 8.57 billion dollar, but Google in this filed almost nothing significant.
• The orientation is not diversified, only search engine. Although, Google is keep on searching for new fields, none of them has competitive advantages, and also, the recruitment is similar to Microsoft, but there is no competitability to Microsoft.
Opportunities
Market trends
The market in the field of search engines has rapidly expanded since its inception. Today’s engines provide significantly more than internet directory and searching services. Google being the leader in this market expansion, has discovered and launched a huge number of new services revolving around the concept of an integrated, internet desktop environment.
The latter concept includes a set of services that go well beyond the scope of a search engine, or a remote web site, providing the user of new remote opportunities such as:
• To manage and host his own web page
• To manage, publish, and host remotely personal photo albums.
• To remotely use popular application such as spreadsheets and word processors.
• Have customized access to news from thousand news sources around the world.
• Maintain or even publish his own diary online
New services are being developed and researched daily that focus on extending the capabilities of desktop computers over the Internet. A list of the most promising experimental technologies in that area would include
• Taxi and shuttle ride finding options with the help of a map.
• Accessibility to the internet with people with disability problems.
• Statistical searches for public trends in music or other popular topics.
Search engines derive most of their revenues from advertising. Using today’s technology, advertisements within the search engine domain come in the form of link ranking and banners. More personalized services though, offer new ways that advertisers can deliver their message to the public. Such technologically advanced services can be exploited financially from Google in order to provide access to even more niche markets for advertisers and product vendors.
Technology
Technology is becoming more and more personalized. This fact allows parties with financial interests, unrestricted access to even more niche markets. Product vendors have more credible data regarding people’s trends which allows them to create more refined ways to approach customers.
Google has always been a leader in its field and still is well ahead of its competitors in terms of technological features. Typically, large search engines follow the footsteps of Google, trying to approach the company’s extensive services. There are very few services that engines such as Yahoo or MSN provide which do not exist in Google. The most important of those are messaging capabilities, using a custom messaging product. In this area MSN is the most popular with the MSN messenger having the largest number of downloads by end users.
Another service that has was always around but now is starting to integrate with search engines, has to do with the music market. Microsoft, having the advantage of being the number one provider of operating systems, used this fact for MSN. Taking into account that every workstation that has Windows installed has also the windows media player, Microsoft integrated into its search engine.
Threats
Expansion of competitors
Although being the leader, Google constantly researches new technologies to launch to the public. This has a direct relation with the rapid advancement of Google’s competitors. Most interesting services that can be found in Google today are most likely to be integrated in other search engines in the short term future if not yet having so.
In this area, Microsoft has the strategic advantage of being the company that besides internet services offers the most popular operating system platform. In this way, Microsoft is being competitive not only by issuing new services but also integrating them into the native workstation environment leveraging accessibility, usability and remote access.
A typical example of how Microsoft can pose a possible threat in the future is the launch of Microsoft map, a service similar to Google maps. Microsoft provides to the user about the same service however it goes a step forwards. Having the asset of producing windows, it integrates this service directly to the operating system, thus providing higher accessibility to the user that Google is.
Criticism by outsiders
Recent developments in Google have raised social criticism by some public in terms of the freedom of speech as well as the protection of sensitive personal information.
Since its foundation in 2005, Google China announced its intent to comply with Internet censorship laws in the People's Republic of China. This included the access blocking of a list of specific web sites that included censored content according to the PRC government. This issue, publicly known also as the “Golden Shield Project”, has been the focus of controversy over many critics. Google’s justification against the criticism was focused on the fact that it could play a more useful part to the cause of free speech by participating in China's IT industry than by refusing to comply and being denied admission to the Chinese market.
Another issue that has been raising public criticism is the fact that Google’s rapid developments combined with the exceptionally large volume of information could at some cases prove harmful to the individual privacy. One such case was a service provided form the Penn State law enforcement that was realized with the assistance of a Google technology called Google maps. This service provided information about the whereabouts of registered sexual offenders over that area. This information, which in European countries is considered personal and thus its propagation to the public is prohibited, was taken from the state police records.
Work Cited
• http://www.google.com Main site of Google
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google About Google
• http://labs.google.com/refinder An experimental a highly promising technology from Google.
• http:maps.google.com A very popular service of Google
• http:www.yahoo.com/ Main site of Yahoo
• http:www.msn.com Main site of Microsoft
“Troublemakers play…football” November 2006
This is a project about what happended when through a foofball match the fans of each decided except to see the match to be the troublemakers of a match.
“Troublemakers play…football”
Through years, the changes at all sections of the world happened and the results were the best. However, in one section the changes that they have done through years did not have effect in the problem. The section is the football and the problem is the troublemakers “that they play…football”.
All happened at October 29, 2006. It was Sunday and the fans of both teams were gathered in the Alcazar stadium to watch the football game Larissa-Paok. The football match started and until the twenty minutes of the game, the match was excellent. After the twenty minutes, take place there scenes of shame. The football fans of Paok they started to throw rockets and seats. After a few seconds the football fans of Larissa they done the same things. The football match played regular when the football fans of Paok broke the rails of the stadium, they past at the stand of “death zone” and they started the manhunt with the football fans of Larissa. All happened with the police tolerance. After eight minutes, the police officers stopped the manhunt of the football fans of both teams with tear-gas. The troublemakers removed from the “death zone” and the football match stopped for thirty-three minutes because the atmosphere through the Alcazar it was bad. When the match started, again all things go well through the end.
I choose this event because I believe that it is very important for the following reasons. Firstly, every time that the football match is very important we have the troublemakers to do the same things inside and outside from the stadium. Secondly, every time after a match when we have this scenes the president or the vise president of each team he say that he will do this and that and finally he have not do anything for better days. Thirdly, we have a very big problem with security of the stadium because they are there to see and they cannot do anything when something bad happened inside of the stadium only the police officers can do something. Finally, the Ministry of Athletics every year they say that they will do some moves to have a better image inside the stadium but until now I did not see these moves.
For the same scenes of violence in the football match, I saw different approaches through television, internet, and the newspaper. The first approach is the through the television. At the night news of Antenna at first, the newscaster started the video of what happened this day in the football match and then some important people in Athens said their opinion about the scenes. After the video, we have a dialogue through the newscaster, the vise president of Olympiacos, or the president of Super League and the representative of police officers. Through this conversation, they discuss general things like why happened this every time, which must pay for this situation and what they can in the following months. However, I believe the result it was nothing and they did not discuss what they could do now.
In the second approach, we have the Internet media. Through this approach, I can say that they said exactly what happened in the stadium and we have some pictures with troublemakers do badly things in the stadium. Off course, I can see that they write some scraps for the conversation from the television. Finally, we have the opinions from the coaches of both teams and they wrote about an accident that happened on October 26, 1986 through the same football match Larissa-Paok.
The finally approach is through newspaper. They write about what happened exactly, the time that the “war” started and off course why these things happened. Nevertheless, he wrote the statements of two important people, he wrote his opinion and put the pictures from the scenes of violence. I believe that the best approach is from the television for the following reasons. Firstly, they saw the video of what happened this day for the visual opinion. Secondly, we have the conversation through the newscaster and the two people that they have some connection with scenes of violence. Through this conversation, we can understand the reasons of why happened there and to think if they believe what they said and if they will do something in the future for better days.
Although the analysis through these three media it was exactly what happened some things missed from the story there. Let’s write the scenes from the beginning. The football match began at 16:45 o’clock. After twenty minutes the football match stopped when the football fans of Paok broke the rails and they past at the stand of “death zone”. After this move, they started a manhunt with the football fans of Larissa. Finally, the police officers stopped the “war” throw these two teams but the destruction had happened with many damages in the stadium. After the analysis of these scenes, I will write the opinions of two coaches and some football players. The conclusion will be better if we can find the statements from two or three police officers that they were inside when the “war” started and tell us their view from the scenes that all people in the world saw in the night.
Finally, the conclusion of what happened in this football match is that firstly it was bad for the history of football these scenes. Secondly, I believe that they will not do anything for these scenes anyone because they do not want to do something. Finally, some day in the future nobody will want to come in a football match because they will be afraid of what bad things will happen this day.
“Troublemakers play…football”
Through years, the changes at all sections of the world happened and the results were the best. However, in one section the changes that they have done through years did not have effect in the problem. The section is the football and the problem is the troublemakers “that they play…football”.
All happened at October 29, 2006. It was Sunday and the fans of both teams were gathered in the Alcazar stadium to watch the football game Larissa-Paok. The football match started and until the twenty minutes of the game, the match was excellent. After the twenty minutes, take place there scenes of shame. The football fans of Paok they started to throw rockets and seats. After a few seconds the football fans of Larissa they done the same things. The football match played regular when the football fans of Paok broke the rails of the stadium, they past at the stand of “death zone” and they started the manhunt with the football fans of Larissa. All happened with the police tolerance. After eight minutes, the police officers stopped the manhunt of the football fans of both teams with tear-gas. The troublemakers removed from the “death zone” and the football match stopped for thirty-three minutes because the atmosphere through the Alcazar it was bad. When the match started, again all things go well through the end.
I choose this event because I believe that it is very important for the following reasons. Firstly, every time that the football match is very important we have the troublemakers to do the same things inside and outside from the stadium. Secondly, every time after a match when we have this scenes the president or the vise president of each team he say that he will do this and that and finally he have not do anything for better days. Thirdly, we have a very big problem with security of the stadium because they are there to see and they cannot do anything when something bad happened inside of the stadium only the police officers can do something. Finally, the Ministry of Athletics every year they say that they will do some moves to have a better image inside the stadium but until now I did not see these moves.
For the same scenes of violence in the football match, I saw different approaches through television, internet, and the newspaper. The first approach is the through the television. At the night news of Antenna at first, the newscaster started the video of what happened this day in the football match and then some important people in Athens said their opinion about the scenes. After the video, we have a dialogue through the newscaster, the vise president of Olympiacos, or the president of Super League and the representative of police officers. Through this conversation, they discuss general things like why happened this every time, which must pay for this situation and what they can in the following months. However, I believe the result it was nothing and they did not discuss what they could do now.
In the second approach, we have the Internet media. Through this approach, I can say that they said exactly what happened in the stadium and we have some pictures with troublemakers do badly things in the stadium. Off course, I can see that they write some scraps for the conversation from the television. Finally, we have the opinions from the coaches of both teams and they wrote about an accident that happened on October 26, 1986 through the same football match Larissa-Paok.
The finally approach is through newspaper. They write about what happened exactly, the time that the “war” started and off course why these things happened. Nevertheless, he wrote the statements of two important people, he wrote his opinion and put the pictures from the scenes of violence. I believe that the best approach is from the television for the following reasons. Firstly, they saw the video of what happened this day for the visual opinion. Secondly, we have the conversation through the newscaster and the two people that they have some connection with scenes of violence. Through this conversation, we can understand the reasons of why happened there and to think if they believe what they said and if they will do something in the future for better days.
Although the analysis through these three media it was exactly what happened some things missed from the story there. Let’s write the scenes from the beginning. The football match began at 16:45 o’clock. After twenty minutes the football match stopped when the football fans of Paok broke the rails and they past at the stand of “death zone”. After this move, they started a manhunt with the football fans of Larissa. Finally, the police officers stopped the “war” throw these two teams but the destruction had happened with many damages in the stadium. After the analysis of these scenes, I will write the opinions of two coaches and some football players. The conclusion will be better if we can find the statements from two or three police officers that they were inside when the “war” started and tell us their view from the scenes that all people in the world saw in the night.
Finally, the conclusion of what happened in this football match is that firstly it was bad for the history of football these scenes. Secondly, I believe that they will not do anything for these scenes anyone because they do not want to do something. Finally, some day in the future nobody will want to come in a football match because they will be afraid of what bad things will happen this day.
Direct mail December 2005
Through this project i had found many good informations through the meaning and everything about direct mail.
Direct mail: What it is, how it works and how is being created
1. Introduction:
In this project we will try to make people understand what is direct mail, the advantages and disadvantages of it among other advertising tools, and all the steps of its implementation, from the “big idea” to the publication. But before proceeding with direct mail, which is a tool of marketing, we have to let people know first of all what marketing is.
Many people have misunderstood the meaning of marketing. The majority of the people asked of what they believe marketing is, had answered that marketing is the advertisement of goods and services in a way that create new needs to consumers, forcing them in some way to purchase products that do not really need.
2. Marketing and Direct marketing
In reality, marketing is more than any other business’s deals with customers. The main purpose of modern marketing is building customer relationship based on customer value & satisfaction or more simply marketing is managing profitable customer relationships. As mentioned before, some people think that marketing is only as selling & advertising, as everyday are bombarded with television commercials, newspaper ads, direct mail offers, sales calls, & internet pitches. However, selling and advertising are only part of a larger marketing mix- a set of marketing tools that work together to affect the market place. (Kotler and Gary 5)
The marketing mix is the set of controllable, tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it want in target marketing (the process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness & selecting one or more segment to enter). The marketing mix consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for its product. The many possibilities can be collected into 4 groups of variables known as the “4 P’s”: Product, Price, Place, & Promotion (Kotler and Gary 57).
We are going to concentrate on Direct mail, but to reach Direct mail we have to describe some important parts of Marketing like promotion & direct Marketing because Direct marketing is an important part of promotion & Direct mail is a crucial stage of Direct marketing. Without explaining Direct marketing we will not be able to perceive our audience about Direct Mail. Promotion is one of the 4 components of the mix that contain another series of marketing functions (Clow & Baack 9). Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of the product & persuade them get customer to buy it. For example, Ford spends more than 2.4 billion on Promotion to tell consumer about the company & its many products (Ad Age Dataplace). Dealership sales assist potential buyers & persuade them that ford is the best car for them.
As is said before, marketing calls for more than just developing a good product, pricing it attractively, and make it available to the target customers. Companies must also communicate with current and prospective customers, and what they communicate should not be left to chance. All of their communications efforts must be blended into a consistent and coordinated communication program. Just as good communication is important in building and maintaining any kind of relationship, it is crucial element in a company’s efforts to build customer relationships.
Except from marketing mix itself, a company has also marketing communication mix, called Promotion mix, which consists of Advertising, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, and Direct Marketing are the tools that a company use to pursue its marketing objectives. Starting with advertising is any paid form of no personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. The second is the Sales promotion that involves short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Another type is Personal selling, like personal presentation by the firm’s sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationships. An additional tool is the public Relations and their purpose is building good relations with the company’s various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building up a good corporate image, & handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories, & events. Lastly and most close to our subject is direct marketing. Direct marketing is a form of marketing that attempts to send its messages directly to consumers, without the use of intervening media (info scouts). Direct connection with carefully targeted individual’s consumers to both obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relationships- the use of telephone, mail, fax, e-mail, internet, and other tools to communicate directly with specific customers.
Each category involves specific tools. For example, advertising includes print, broadcast, internet, outdoor, and other forms. Sales promotion includes point of purchase displays, premiums, discounts, coupons, specialty advertising, and demonstrations. Personal selling includes sales presentation, trade shows, and incentive programs. Direct marketing includes Direct mail, catalogs, telephone marketing, kiosks, the internet, and more. Thanks to technological breakthroughs, people can now communicate through traditional media (newspaper, radio, telephone, television) as well as through newer media forms (fax, cell phones, and computers) (Kotler and Gary 399).
Although there are many types of direct marketing -telephone marketing, direct mail, online marketing, and other- they all share 4 distinctive characteristics:
• Direct marketing is non-public: the messages are normally directed to a specific person.
• Direct marketing is immediate and customized: messages can be prepared very quickly and can be tailored to appeal to specific consumers.
• Finally direct marketing is interactive: it allows a dialogue between the marketing team and the consumer, and messages can be altered depending on the consumer’s response. Thus, direct marketing is well suited to highly targeted marketing efforts and to building one- 2- one customer relationships ( Kotler and Gary 405).
Today with the trend toward more narrowly targeted or one-to-one marketing, many companies are adopting direct marketing, either as a primary marketing approach or as a supplement to other approaches. Increasingly, companies are using direct marketing to reach carefully targeted customers more efficiently and to build stronger, more personal, one-to-one relationship with them.
Direct marketers communicate directly with the customers, often on one-to-one, interactive basis. Using detailed database, they tailor their marketing offers and communications to the needs of narrowly defined segments or even individual buyers. Beyond brand and image building, they usually seek a direct, immediate, and measurable consumer response. For example, Dell computer interacts directly with customers, by telephone or through its website, to design built-to-order system that meets customer’s individual needs. Buyers order directly order from dell, and dell quickly and efficiently delivers the new computers to their homes or offices.
As the years pass by technology changes and the same happens to direct marketing too. Early direct marketers -catalog companies, direct mailers, and telemarketers- gathered customers’ names and sold goods mainly by mail or telephone. Today however fired by rapid advances in database technologies and new marketing media -especially the internet- direct marketing has undergone a dramatic transformation.
Most companies still use direct marketing as a supplement channel or medium for marketing their goods. For instance, Lexus markets mostly through mass media advertising and its high quality dealers network but also supplement these channels with direct marketing. Its direct marketing includes promotional CD’s and other material mailed to prospective buyers and a web page that provides consumers with information about various models, competitive comparisons, financing, and dealer locations (www.lexus.com).
Whether employed as a complete business model or as a supplement to a broader integrated marketing mix, direct marketing brings many benefits to both buyers and sellers. As a result, direct marketing is growing very rapidly. For buyers direct marketing is convenient, easy to use, and private. Direct marketing gives buyers ready access to the wealth of products and information, at home and around the globe. For seller, direct marketing is a powerful tool for building customer relationships. Using database marketing, today’s marketers can target small groups and consumers. Tailors offers to the individual needs, and promote these offers through personalized communications.
Finally direct marketing can offer sellers a low cost, efficient alternative for reaching their markets. For example direct marketing has grown rapidly in B2B marketing, partly in response to ever increasing costs of marketing through the sales force. As personals sales calls cost $170 per contact, they should be made only when necessary and to high potential customers and prospects. Lower cost per contact media -such as telemarketing, direct mail, and company web sites- often prove more cost effective in reaching and selling to more prospects and customers (Kotler and Gary 459-460).
As a result of these advantages to both buyers and sellers, direct marketing has become the fastest growing form of marketing. Sales through traditional direct marketing channels (telephone marketing, direct mail, catalogs, direct response television and others) have been growing rapidly. Last year direct sales to consumers and businesses in the United States reached more than $2 trillion, about 9% of the economy. Moreover, whereas total US sales over the next 5 yrs will grow at an estimated 5 % annually, direct marketing sales will grow up to 8 % annually. According to the direct marketing association, total US spending on the direct marketing exceeded $206 billion last year, or more than 55% of total advertising expenditures. (Economic Impact)
The effective direct marketing begins with a good customer database. A customer database is an organized collection of comprehensive data about individual customers or prospects, including geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral data (Roberts & Berger 149). The data can be used to locate good potential customers, tailor products and services to the special needs of targeted consumer, and maintain long term customer relationships. “If there have been any changes in the past decade it’s the knowledge we now can have about our customers,” says one expert. “Strategically, the most essential tool is our customer database. A company is no better than it knows,” (Alicia 31-33).
Many companies confuse a customer mailing list with a customer database. A customer mailing list is simply a set of names, addresses, and telephone numbers. A customer database contains much more information. In B2B marketing, the salesperson’s customer profile might contain the product and service the customer has bought; past volumes and prices; key contacts (and their age, birthdays, hobbies, and favorite foods); competitive suppliers; status of current contracts; estimated customer spending for the next few years’ and assessments of competitive strengths and weaknesses in selling and servicing the account.
In consumer marketing, the customer data might contain a customer’s demographics (age, income, family members, birthdays), psychographics (activities, interests, and opinions), buying behaviors (past purchases, buying preferences), and other relevant information. Some of these databases are huge. For example, Ritz- Carlton’s database holds more than 500,000 individual customer preferences. Pizza hut’s database lets it track the purchases of more than 50 million customers. Internet portal yahoo! Records every click made by every visitor, adding some 400 billion bytes of data per day to its database- equivalent to 800,000 books. Ford’s customer database contains information more than 33 million customers, including warranty information, survey results, retail sales input, finance records, and more.
Companies can use their database in many ways. They can use a database to identify prospects and generate sales leads by advertising products or offers. Companies can use database to deepen customer loyalty- they can build customers interest and enthusiasm by remembering buyer preferences and sending appropriate information, gifts, or other materials. Or they can use the database to profile customers based on the previous purchasing and to decide if customers should receive particular offers or not (Kotler and Gary 463).
Going now to the forms of direct marketing, the major of them -as shown below- include personal selling, telephone marketing, direct mail marketing, catalog marketing, direct response television marketing, kiosk marketing, and online marketing. As we see this area of direct marketing is vast. Furthermore, we will concentrate on direct mail marketing and we will also describe the three types of direct mail (e-mail, fax mail, voice mail).
3. Direct mail
Direct mail is a way of advertising in which advertisers mail printed ads letters or other solicitations to large groups of consumers. Bulk-mail rates used to lower the cost of mailing, and targeted mailing lists used to maximize potential response. Over the years, direct mail also became known by another name: junk mail. However, direct mail has entered the world of internet, and many of the same techniques are showing up electronically in email. Some advertisers now send emails with ads to large groups of consumers. (What is direct mail?)
Direct mail is used in many different situations, limited primarily by the imagination of the advertiser. Stores typically use direct mail to advertise new products or to distribute coupons. Charities typically use it to raise money or recruit volunteers. Almost any sales pitch can be made by direct mail. To create a direct mail mailing, advertisers will work to create an ad that will appeal to a substantial number of people. They will send it to large group of people, depending on the potential audience of the ad. That could be a zip code, particular demographic or entire nation. (What is direct mail?)
In today’s increasingly competitive environment, direct mail is the best way to reach your audience and speak to them, one to one. Only direct mail gives you flexibility, target ability, measurability, accountability and privacy. Flexibility because you can mail anyone your message, at any time, using a variety of formats. You can send postcards, letters and other things. Target ability because you can choose precisely the audience you want to reach to speak to them. Measurability is another characteristic, simply because there is no guesswork. By tracking and analyzing your mailings, you will know the response rate. Accountability because when you see how well direct mail works, it becomes a proven justification. Finally privacy because not only can you reach customers without your competition’s knowledge, but you can also allow your customers to see your message, without distraction. (Benefits of direct mail)
Nevertheless, direct mail has many disadvantages. Firstly, many people do not like unsolicited offers and many are skeptical of their validity. Secondly, busy people do not even open what the view as “junk mail”. Thirdly, using this method of advertising requires through maintenance of mail lists. Many advertisers do not like to bother with updating mail lists. With outdated lists, however, mail goes to undeliverable addresses and wastes your money. Finally some groups are concerned about the environmental impact of resources used the advertising mailings. (Direct mail as advertising)
However, direct mail has a specific audience where they can use it through email, post and other ways. They can send you through email to you and some members of a society that you are a part of an idea, to see how works a product and if you like, it you can buy it. Nevertheless, they can send you so emails from some products they want you to see through a week. Post-office and email they have some differences. Through the post-office companies, they decide to send you some details of a product that it is in Greek market and if you want, you can buy it. But they can send one or two post mail per month if you do not have email because email is faster this period.
Direct mail has also differences with other types of advertisement. The other types of advertisement are the newspapers, the magazines, the public advertisement, the TV advertisement, the radio and the cinema. Firstly, the newspapers and the magazines have two different types of audience public and specific. The public audience they read different newspapers and magazines every week because they do not like something specific and the information they want is for general interest. However, the specific audience read every week specific magazines and newspapers because they informed for specific news in the world.
Secondly, we have public advertisement. The companies they decide when they create a new product that the people must learn some information’s for this product. So they stick up bills at the road, outside of some buses, at the bus stops and the walls. When someone will interest for this product he/she, call the company and he/she learn more information’s.
Thirdly, we have TV advertisement and it has two different types of audience public and specific. The public audience they see general advertisements every day and general news reports at the news agency. The specific audience sees specific programs every day at the TV and specific news reports because they want to learn specific things.
4. Implementation of Direct mail
Brief
Analysis of the advertisement
Marketing goals
Advertising goals
Advertisement budget
Advertisement creation
Media plan
Effectiveness Quality pretest
Execution schedule
Responsiveness measurement
Creating an advertisement campaign, we have first off all to list and analyze ten basic steps of accomplishing the project.
These steps by order of production are the brief, the analyzation of the advertisement, marketing goals, advertising goals, advertisement creation, advertisement budget, media plan, effectiveness quality pretest, execution schedule and finally responsiveness measurement. (Διαφήμιση)
Focusing on direct mail advertising, we are only take under consideration the aspects involved on electronic (email) and printed (post) direct mail.
1. Brief
Starting with the first thing that an advertising company has to do, the brief, there are several things that have to be determined, such as small historical analysis of the company the wants to de advertised (for example status and recognizability), characteristics of the specific product to be advertised (brand, type of good, packaging, competitive advantage) characteristics of the market (segmentation and targeting), characteristics of the consumers (basically what take under consideration on given circumstances) , and characteristics of the competitors (like inner and outer competitors, market shares and behavior among them).
As we see the whole advertising project is based on the above information, which finally suggests the marketers how the advertisement has to be. (Διαφήμιση)
2. Advertisement analyzation
The second step is the analyzation of the advertisement, using the information of the Brief. In this stage, the creative department decides how to give the customer the information of the advertisement, which parts to highlight, and how to attract the customer. Generally the writers try to be impressive but avoiding to use technical language or too much of enthusiasm because turns to have the opposite results from the expected. That is why the language is the most of the cases is firm but easy understandable, friendly and yet formal, so even a person without technical knowledge for example will fill easy and can also understand what is supposed to understand. Some techniques usually applied are the frames around the page, the different color of the key points, that make people take the main idea at a glance, and the pictures which some times have metaphoric meaning. (Language of advertisement, Διαφήμιση)
Also another technique used, is the association of emotions, status, and mood with specific colors. For example pink reflects sensitiveness, red shows passion, white innocence and blue royalty. Marketers know how psychological factors react with decision-making and are very keen on connecting emotional customers and products. (Language of advertisement)
The last technique is the positioning of the images, ideas and information on the layout. Psychologists confirmed what marketers knew from experience. The idea of a new product presentation is presented by a cross: left=before, right=after, up=ideal, down=real. In that way marketers highlight the differences and make customers or possible customers get it subconscious. (Language of advertisement)
3. Marketing goals
The marketing targets specify what are the advertised company’s goals, why makes the campaign. The purpose is to promote company’s name, strengthen the loyalty of the customers, create excitement and find new customers. In almost every case, the strategic goal is the raise of the sells and respectively the profits. Going further, marketing targets are specified to a percentage to be reached at every product or service that is being sold. Each one of them has to have a measure and to be compared to the target at every predefined period, in order to be evaluated. (Διαφήμιση)
4. Advertising goals
The advertising targets of direct mail usually are divided in two categories, the customers (no mater if they are regular, drop-ins or lost) and the non-customers (those how had never been customers of the advertised company). For the customers, direct mail tries to strengthen the loyalty by making a friendly atmosphere and also building the trust between the company and the customer. On the other hand, for the non-customers the campaign has the role of attracting them. That could work with offerings and differentiated products, but also just with the promotion with the company, as there may be customers that simply don’t know about the company. For those who already know about the company and prefer a competitor, the campaign has the same strategy with the lost customers, the strengthening of the image of the company, especially if has no differentiated products. (Διαφήμιση, Tools and resources for direct mail)
5. Advertisement Budget
The budgeting of the direct mail promotion, includes firstly the buying, building or even renting a mailing list, also the designing and the creation of the mails, in case of emails, the provider and the computers and in case of posting, the papers, ink envelops and postage fees. (Διαφήμιση)
6. Creation of the advertisement
For the creation of the advertisement, the company first of all needs a creative department, which will collect all the necessary information and extra elements needed, to combine and structure them in a way that will be more attractive and more clear to the reader. Of course the creative department has to know all the decisions made by the previous steps in order to produce the final project or some alternatives for the campaign.
The role of the creating department of an advertising company is very important as is nearest to the customer. That means that the text, the images, and the over all style and tone of the project must be the best possible. The purpose after all is to grab the attention, gain interest, create desire and finally ask for order. (Διαφήμιση A, The Seven Vital Steps)
Other necessities for that step except the well-trained human recourses are technical instruments like computers with publishing software, printers, and in case of post direct mail, the company needs letter papers and envelops. (Διαφήμιση)
7. Media Plan
Media plan is the advertising schedule. It specifies when and to whom the direct mail will be sent, which direct mail is addressed to specific customer, and which customers will be informed first, or by what means (electronic, or by postage).
Media plan is very important for the advertised company, as it is the tool that brinks the customers at the expected time. For example the company may have different offers on summer and winter, so the direct mail has to be sent some time before the specific seasons, making customers exited by the offers and so buy the products. (Διαφήμιση)
8. Effectiveness Quality Pretest
In this stage, the advertisement is about to be evaluated by experienced personnel of the advertising company and some selected customers and non-customers, as convincing, attractive or indifferent, collecting also ideas of how it would be better in appearance, or more legible. We see that this is also important, as some times the ideas of how to impress may be different between the advertiser and the public. (Διαφήμιση)
9. Project Execution Schedule
This part has to do with the organization and the timing of each part of the project in order to be on time. The schedule is made by the CEO, usually after the meeting of all managers, discussing the recourses, the budget and main idea of the advertisement. To schedule at the most of the cases is strict so to compete with the competitors’ marketing moves, so it is critical for all groups to follow it, avoiding the slow down of the next stages and finally the publication. (Διαφήμιση)
10. Responsiveness Measurement
Direct mail is one of the easiest advertisement types in measuring the effectiveness that have to the public. The advertised company knows not only the exact number of the mails, but also the name of the recipient of the mail. From the first day of the publication of the mail, postage or electronic, the company starts the comparison of the mailing list and the calls that receives, and especially focuses to those that give an order. So every time, the company knows how much responsiveness the campaign has, and what customers prefer at specific time periods. (Διαφήμιση)
5. Conclusion
As we see, direct mail is the straightest way of communication between a company and its customer. It is the only way that the consumer is being addressed by his / her name making the relationship more true, and this is the deeper meaning of using direct mail. Consumer sees that the company knows him / her and that somehow is important to the company. The trust then to the company raises and the relationship between them becomes long lasting and in a more friendly way, making both the company and the consumer benefit, because when a company gains a customer, works harder in order to keep it.
Another reason of using direct mail is that has the ability to be targeted to specific customers, covering specific needs at a given time. That can give the company the advantage of competing a product before other companies as is focused to it, when the others try to cover a variety of needs, which slow them down. And that is why in the implementation process of the direct mail is crucial to complete every stage, however minor can seem, because is what the whole campaign wants to achieve.
In a final retrospect, direct mail is the hardest way of advertisement, and in proportion to the targeted market also the most expensive. In addition to that, in order a direct mail campaign to be successful, has to involve the work of psychologists, sociologists and art-designers, most of which are not needed to other kind of advertisements, just because are not so direct to the customer. On the other hand direct mail is the most attractive to customers and the most successful. A company has to balance its efforts with its goals and make the most willing choice. In my opinion, direct mail should be in the first positions.
Works Cited:
Ad Age Data Place. 4 Nov. 2005
June 2003.
Alicia Orr Suman, “ Ideas you can take to the Bank! 10 Big Things All Direct Marketers should be doing Now,” Target Marketing, Feb. 2003.
Allan J. Katz, “The Seven Vital Steps You Must Know To Ensure Direct Mail Success”
“Benefits of Direct mail” 10 November 2005
Γιώργος Χ. Ζώτος “Διαφήμιση, Σχεδιασμός και λειτουργία στα πλαίσια της επιχείρησης” University Studio Press, 1992.
Clow, Bacck. Integrated Advertising, Promotion, & Marketing Communications. Upper saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,2002.
“Economic Impact: US Direct and Interactive Marketing Today.” 6 Nov. 2005 Aug.2003.
Infoscouts “ Direct Marketing”
Nov. 2005.
Kotler, & Gary. Marketing, An Intorduction.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,2005.
“Language of advertisement”, 5 Nov. 2005
< http://www.stanford.edu/class/linguist34/>
Roberts, & Berger. Direct Marketing Management.
Prentice Hall International Edition.
“Small business notes: Direct mail as an advertising medium” 4 November 2005
“Tools and resources for direct mail”, 5 Nov. 2005
“What is Direct mail?” 11 November 2005
September 2005
Direct mail: What it is, how it works and how is being created
1. Introduction:
In this project we will try to make people understand what is direct mail, the advantages and disadvantages of it among other advertising tools, and all the steps of its implementation, from the “big idea” to the publication. But before proceeding with direct mail, which is a tool of marketing, we have to let people know first of all what marketing is.
Many people have misunderstood the meaning of marketing. The majority of the people asked of what they believe marketing is, had answered that marketing is the advertisement of goods and services in a way that create new needs to consumers, forcing them in some way to purchase products that do not really need.
2. Marketing and Direct marketing
In reality, marketing is more than any other business’s deals with customers. The main purpose of modern marketing is building customer relationship based on customer value & satisfaction or more simply marketing is managing profitable customer relationships. As mentioned before, some people think that marketing is only as selling & advertising, as everyday are bombarded with television commercials, newspaper ads, direct mail offers, sales calls, & internet pitches. However, selling and advertising are only part of a larger marketing mix- a set of marketing tools that work together to affect the market place. (Kotler and Gary 5)
The marketing mix is the set of controllable, tactical marketing tools that the firm blends to produce the response it want in target marketing (the process of evaluating each market segment’s attractiveness & selecting one or more segment to enter). The marketing mix consists of everything the firm can do to influence the demand for its product. The many possibilities can be collected into 4 groups of variables known as the “4 P’s”: Product, Price, Place, & Promotion (Kotler and Gary 57).
We are going to concentrate on Direct mail, but to reach Direct mail we have to describe some important parts of Marketing like promotion & direct Marketing because Direct marketing is an important part of promotion & Direct mail is a crucial stage of Direct marketing. Without explaining Direct marketing we will not be able to perceive our audience about Direct Mail. Promotion is one of the 4 components of the mix that contain another series of marketing functions (Clow & Baack 9). Promotion means activities that communicate the merits of the product & persuade them get customer to buy it. For example, Ford spends more than 2.4 billion on Promotion to tell consumer about the company & its many products (Ad Age Dataplace). Dealership sales assist potential buyers & persuade them that ford is the best car for them.
As is said before, marketing calls for more than just developing a good product, pricing it attractively, and make it available to the target customers. Companies must also communicate with current and prospective customers, and what they communicate should not be left to chance. All of their communications efforts must be blended into a consistent and coordinated communication program. Just as good communication is important in building and maintaining any kind of relationship, it is crucial element in a company’s efforts to build customer relationships.
Except from marketing mix itself, a company has also marketing communication mix, called Promotion mix, which consists of Advertising, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, and Direct Marketing are the tools that a company use to pursue its marketing objectives. Starting with advertising is any paid form of no personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods, or services by an identified sponsor. The second is the Sales promotion that involves short-term incentives to encourage the purchase or sale of a product or service. Another type is Personal selling, like personal presentation by the firm’s sales force for the purpose of making sales and building customer relationships. An additional tool is the public Relations and their purpose is building good relations with the company’s various publics by obtaining favorable publicity, building up a good corporate image, & handling or heading off unfavorable rumors, stories, & events. Lastly and most close to our subject is direct marketing. Direct marketing is a form of marketing that attempts to send its messages directly to consumers, without the use of intervening media (info scouts). Direct connection with carefully targeted individual’s consumers to both obtain an immediate response and cultivate lasting customer relationships- the use of telephone, mail, fax, e-mail, internet, and other tools to communicate directly with specific customers.
Each category involves specific tools. For example, advertising includes print, broadcast, internet, outdoor, and other forms. Sales promotion includes point of purchase displays, premiums, discounts, coupons, specialty advertising, and demonstrations. Personal selling includes sales presentation, trade shows, and incentive programs. Direct marketing includes Direct mail, catalogs, telephone marketing, kiosks, the internet, and more. Thanks to technological breakthroughs, people can now communicate through traditional media (newspaper, radio, telephone, television) as well as through newer media forms (fax, cell phones, and computers) (Kotler and Gary 399).
Although there are many types of direct marketing -telephone marketing, direct mail, online marketing, and other- they all share 4 distinctive characteristics:
• Direct marketing is non-public: the messages are normally directed to a specific person.
• Direct marketing is immediate and customized: messages can be prepared very quickly and can be tailored to appeal to specific consumers.
• Finally direct marketing is interactive: it allows a dialogue between the marketing team and the consumer, and messages can be altered depending on the consumer’s response. Thus, direct marketing is well suited to highly targeted marketing efforts and to building one- 2- one customer relationships ( Kotler and Gary 405).
Today with the trend toward more narrowly targeted or one-to-one marketing, many companies are adopting direct marketing, either as a primary marketing approach or as a supplement to other approaches. Increasingly, companies are using direct marketing to reach carefully targeted customers more efficiently and to build stronger, more personal, one-to-one relationship with them.
Direct marketers communicate directly with the customers, often on one-to-one, interactive basis. Using detailed database, they tailor their marketing offers and communications to the needs of narrowly defined segments or even individual buyers. Beyond brand and image building, they usually seek a direct, immediate, and measurable consumer response. For example, Dell computer interacts directly with customers, by telephone or through its website, to design built-to-order system that meets customer’s individual needs. Buyers order directly order from dell, and dell quickly and efficiently delivers the new computers to their homes or offices.
As the years pass by technology changes and the same happens to direct marketing too. Early direct marketers -catalog companies, direct mailers, and telemarketers- gathered customers’ names and sold goods mainly by mail or telephone. Today however fired by rapid advances in database technologies and new marketing media -especially the internet- direct marketing has undergone a dramatic transformation.
Most companies still use direct marketing as a supplement channel or medium for marketing their goods. For instance, Lexus markets mostly through mass media advertising and its high quality dealers network but also supplement these channels with direct marketing. Its direct marketing includes promotional CD’s and other material mailed to prospective buyers and a web page that provides consumers with information about various models, competitive comparisons, financing, and dealer locations (www.lexus.com).
Whether employed as a complete business model or as a supplement to a broader integrated marketing mix, direct marketing brings many benefits to both buyers and sellers. As a result, direct marketing is growing very rapidly. For buyers direct marketing is convenient, easy to use, and private. Direct marketing gives buyers ready access to the wealth of products and information, at home and around the globe. For seller, direct marketing is a powerful tool for building customer relationships. Using database marketing, today’s marketers can target small groups and consumers. Tailors offers to the individual needs, and promote these offers through personalized communications.
Finally direct marketing can offer sellers a low cost, efficient alternative for reaching their markets. For example direct marketing has grown rapidly in B2B marketing, partly in response to ever increasing costs of marketing through the sales force. As personals sales calls cost $170 per contact, they should be made only when necessary and to high potential customers and prospects. Lower cost per contact media -such as telemarketing, direct mail, and company web sites- often prove more cost effective in reaching and selling to more prospects and customers (Kotler and Gary 459-460).
As a result of these advantages to both buyers and sellers, direct marketing has become the fastest growing form of marketing. Sales through traditional direct marketing channels (telephone marketing, direct mail, catalogs, direct response television and others) have been growing rapidly. Last year direct sales to consumers and businesses in the United States reached more than $2 trillion, about 9% of the economy. Moreover, whereas total US sales over the next 5 yrs will grow at an estimated 5 % annually, direct marketing sales will grow up to 8 % annually. According to the direct marketing association, total US spending on the direct marketing exceeded $206 billion last year, or more than 55% of total advertising expenditures. (Economic Impact)
The effective direct marketing begins with a good customer database. A customer database is an organized collection of comprehensive data about individual customers or prospects, including geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioral data (Roberts & Berger 149). The data can be used to locate good potential customers, tailor products and services to the special needs of targeted consumer, and maintain long term customer relationships. “If there have been any changes in the past decade it’s the knowledge we now can have about our customers,” says one expert. “Strategically, the most essential tool is our customer database. A company is no better than it knows,” (Alicia 31-33).
Many companies confuse a customer mailing list with a customer database. A customer mailing list is simply a set of names, addresses, and telephone numbers. A customer database contains much more information. In B2B marketing, the salesperson’s customer profile might contain the product and service the customer has bought; past volumes and prices; key contacts (and their age, birthdays, hobbies, and favorite foods); competitive suppliers; status of current contracts; estimated customer spending for the next few years’ and assessments of competitive strengths and weaknesses in selling and servicing the account.
In consumer marketing, the customer data might contain a customer’s demographics (age, income, family members, birthdays), psychographics (activities, interests, and opinions), buying behaviors (past purchases, buying preferences), and other relevant information. Some of these databases are huge. For example, Ritz- Carlton’s database holds more than 500,000 individual customer preferences. Pizza hut’s database lets it track the purchases of more than 50 million customers. Internet portal yahoo! Records every click made by every visitor, adding some 400 billion bytes of data per day to its database- equivalent to 800,000 books. Ford’s customer database contains information more than 33 million customers, including warranty information, survey results, retail sales input, finance records, and more.
Companies can use their database in many ways. They can use a database to identify prospects and generate sales leads by advertising products or offers. Companies can use database to deepen customer loyalty- they can build customers interest and enthusiasm by remembering buyer preferences and sending appropriate information, gifts, or other materials. Or they can use the database to profile customers based on the previous purchasing and to decide if customers should receive particular offers or not (Kotler and Gary 463).
Going now to the forms of direct marketing, the major of them -as shown below- include personal selling, telephone marketing, direct mail marketing, catalog marketing, direct response television marketing, kiosk marketing, and online marketing. As we see this area of direct marketing is vast. Furthermore, we will concentrate on direct mail marketing and we will also describe the three types of direct mail (e-mail, fax mail, voice mail).
3. Direct mail
Direct mail is a way of advertising in which advertisers mail printed ads letters or other solicitations to large groups of consumers. Bulk-mail rates used to lower the cost of mailing, and targeted mailing lists used to maximize potential response. Over the years, direct mail also became known by another name: junk mail. However, direct mail has entered the world of internet, and many of the same techniques are showing up electronically in email. Some advertisers now send emails with ads to large groups of consumers. (What is direct mail?)
Direct mail is used in many different situations, limited primarily by the imagination of the advertiser. Stores typically use direct mail to advertise new products or to distribute coupons. Charities typically use it to raise money or recruit volunteers. Almost any sales pitch can be made by direct mail. To create a direct mail mailing, advertisers will work to create an ad that will appeal to a substantial number of people. They will send it to large group of people, depending on the potential audience of the ad. That could be a zip code, particular demographic or entire nation. (What is direct mail?)
In today’s increasingly competitive environment, direct mail is the best way to reach your audience and speak to them, one to one. Only direct mail gives you flexibility, target ability, measurability, accountability and privacy. Flexibility because you can mail anyone your message, at any time, using a variety of formats. You can send postcards, letters and other things. Target ability because you can choose precisely the audience you want to reach to speak to them. Measurability is another characteristic, simply because there is no guesswork. By tracking and analyzing your mailings, you will know the response rate. Accountability because when you see how well direct mail works, it becomes a proven justification. Finally privacy because not only can you reach customers without your competition’s knowledge, but you can also allow your customers to see your message, without distraction. (Benefits of direct mail)
Nevertheless, direct mail has many disadvantages. Firstly, many people do not like unsolicited offers and many are skeptical of their validity. Secondly, busy people do not even open what the view as “junk mail”. Thirdly, using this method of advertising requires through maintenance of mail lists. Many advertisers do not like to bother with updating mail lists. With outdated lists, however, mail goes to undeliverable addresses and wastes your money. Finally some groups are concerned about the environmental impact of resources used the advertising mailings. (Direct mail as advertising)
However, direct mail has a specific audience where they can use it through email, post and other ways. They can send you through email to you and some members of a society that you are a part of an idea, to see how works a product and if you like, it you can buy it. Nevertheless, they can send you so emails from some products they want you to see through a week. Post-office and email they have some differences. Through the post-office companies, they decide to send you some details of a product that it is in Greek market and if you want, you can buy it. But they can send one or two post mail per month if you do not have email because email is faster this period.
Direct mail has also differences with other types of advertisement. The other types of advertisement are the newspapers, the magazines, the public advertisement, the TV advertisement, the radio and the cinema. Firstly, the newspapers and the magazines have two different types of audience public and specific. The public audience they read different newspapers and magazines every week because they do not like something specific and the information they want is for general interest. However, the specific audience read every week specific magazines and newspapers because they informed for specific news in the world.
Secondly, we have public advertisement. The companies they decide when they create a new product that the people must learn some information’s for this product. So they stick up bills at the road, outside of some buses, at the bus stops and the walls. When someone will interest for this product he/she, call the company and he/she learn more information’s.
Thirdly, we have TV advertisement and it has two different types of audience public and specific. The public audience they see general advertisements every day and general news reports at the news agency. The specific audience sees specific programs every day at the TV and specific news reports because they want to learn specific things.
4. Implementation of Direct mail
Brief
Analysis of the advertisement
Marketing goals
Advertising goals
Advertisement budget
Advertisement creation
Media plan
Effectiveness Quality pretest
Execution schedule
Responsiveness measurement
Creating an advertisement campaign, we have first off all to list and analyze ten basic steps of accomplishing the project.
These steps by order of production are the brief, the analyzation of the advertisement, marketing goals, advertising goals, advertisement creation, advertisement budget, media plan, effectiveness quality pretest, execution schedule and finally responsiveness measurement. (Διαφήμιση)
Focusing on direct mail advertising, we are only take under consideration the aspects involved on electronic (email) and printed (post) direct mail.
1. Brief
Starting with the first thing that an advertising company has to do, the brief, there are several things that have to be determined, such as small historical analysis of the company the wants to de advertised (for example status and recognizability), characteristics of the specific product to be advertised (brand, type of good, packaging, competitive advantage) characteristics of the market (segmentation and targeting), characteristics of the consumers (basically what take under consideration on given circumstances) , and characteristics of the competitors (like inner and outer competitors, market shares and behavior among them).
As we see the whole advertising project is based on the above information, which finally suggests the marketers how the advertisement has to be. (Διαφήμιση)
2. Advertisement analyzation
The second step is the analyzation of the advertisement, using the information of the Brief. In this stage, the creative department decides how to give the customer the information of the advertisement, which parts to highlight, and how to attract the customer. Generally the writers try to be impressive but avoiding to use technical language or too much of enthusiasm because turns to have the opposite results from the expected. That is why the language is the most of the cases is firm but easy understandable, friendly and yet formal, so even a person without technical knowledge for example will fill easy and can also understand what is supposed to understand. Some techniques usually applied are the frames around the page, the different color of the key points, that make people take the main idea at a glance, and the pictures which some times have metaphoric meaning. (Language of advertisement, Διαφήμιση)
Also another technique used, is the association of emotions, status, and mood with specific colors. For example pink reflects sensitiveness, red shows passion, white innocence and blue royalty. Marketers know how psychological factors react with decision-making and are very keen on connecting emotional customers and products. (Language of advertisement)
The last technique is the positioning of the images, ideas and information on the layout. Psychologists confirmed what marketers knew from experience. The idea of a new product presentation is presented by a cross: left=before, right=after, up=ideal, down=real. In that way marketers highlight the differences and make customers or possible customers get it subconscious. (Language of advertisement)
3. Marketing goals
The marketing targets specify what are the advertised company’s goals, why makes the campaign. The purpose is to promote company’s name, strengthen the loyalty of the customers, create excitement and find new customers. In almost every case, the strategic goal is the raise of the sells and respectively the profits. Going further, marketing targets are specified to a percentage to be reached at every product or service that is being sold. Each one of them has to have a measure and to be compared to the target at every predefined period, in order to be evaluated. (Διαφήμιση)
4. Advertising goals
The advertising targets of direct mail usually are divided in two categories, the customers (no mater if they are regular, drop-ins or lost) and the non-customers (those how had never been customers of the advertised company). For the customers, direct mail tries to strengthen the loyalty by making a friendly atmosphere and also building the trust between the company and the customer. On the other hand, for the non-customers the campaign has the role of attracting them. That could work with offerings and differentiated products, but also just with the promotion with the company, as there may be customers that simply don’t know about the company. For those who already know about the company and prefer a competitor, the campaign has the same strategy with the lost customers, the strengthening of the image of the company, especially if has no differentiated products. (Διαφήμιση, Tools and resources for direct mail)
5. Advertisement Budget
The budgeting of the direct mail promotion, includes firstly the buying, building or even renting a mailing list, also the designing and the creation of the mails, in case of emails, the provider and the computers and in case of posting, the papers, ink envelops and postage fees. (Διαφήμιση)
6. Creation of the advertisement
For the creation of the advertisement, the company first of all needs a creative department, which will collect all the necessary information and extra elements needed, to combine and structure them in a way that will be more attractive and more clear to the reader. Of course the creative department has to know all the decisions made by the previous steps in order to produce the final project or some alternatives for the campaign.
The role of the creating department of an advertising company is very important as is nearest to the customer. That means that the text, the images, and the over all style and tone of the project must be the best possible. The purpose after all is to grab the attention, gain interest, create desire and finally ask for order. (Διαφήμιση A, The Seven Vital Steps)
Other necessities for that step except the well-trained human recourses are technical instruments like computers with publishing software, printers, and in case of post direct mail, the company needs letter papers and envelops. (Διαφήμιση)
7. Media Plan
Media plan is the advertising schedule. It specifies when and to whom the direct mail will be sent, which direct mail is addressed to specific customer, and which customers will be informed first, or by what means (electronic, or by postage).
Media plan is very important for the advertised company, as it is the tool that brinks the customers at the expected time. For example the company may have different offers on summer and winter, so the direct mail has to be sent some time before the specific seasons, making customers exited by the offers and so buy the products. (Διαφήμιση)
8. Effectiveness Quality Pretest
In this stage, the advertisement is about to be evaluated by experienced personnel of the advertising company and some selected customers and non-customers, as convincing, attractive or indifferent, collecting also ideas of how it would be better in appearance, or more legible. We see that this is also important, as some times the ideas of how to impress may be different between the advertiser and the public. (Διαφήμιση)
9. Project Execution Schedule
This part has to do with the organization and the timing of each part of the project in order to be on time. The schedule is made by the CEO, usually after the meeting of all managers, discussing the recourses, the budget and main idea of the advertisement. To schedule at the most of the cases is strict so to compete with the competitors’ marketing moves, so it is critical for all groups to follow it, avoiding the slow down of the next stages and finally the publication. (Διαφήμιση)
10. Responsiveness Measurement
Direct mail is one of the easiest advertisement types in measuring the effectiveness that have to the public. The advertised company knows not only the exact number of the mails, but also the name of the recipient of the mail. From the first day of the publication of the mail, postage or electronic, the company starts the comparison of the mailing list and the calls that receives, and especially focuses to those that give an order. So every time, the company knows how much responsiveness the campaign has, and what customers prefer at specific time periods. (Διαφήμιση)
5. Conclusion
As we see, direct mail is the straightest way of communication between a company and its customer. It is the only way that the consumer is being addressed by his / her name making the relationship more true, and this is the deeper meaning of using direct mail. Consumer sees that the company knows him / her and that somehow is important to the company. The trust then to the company raises and the relationship between them becomes long lasting and in a more friendly way, making both the company and the consumer benefit, because when a company gains a customer, works harder in order to keep it.
Another reason of using direct mail is that has the ability to be targeted to specific customers, covering specific needs at a given time. That can give the company the advantage of competing a product before other companies as is focused to it, when the others try to cover a variety of needs, which slow them down. And that is why in the implementation process of the direct mail is crucial to complete every stage, however minor can seem, because is what the whole campaign wants to achieve.
In a final retrospect, direct mail is the hardest way of advertisement, and in proportion to the targeted market also the most expensive. In addition to that, in order a direct mail campaign to be successful, has to involve the work of psychologists, sociologists and art-designers, most of which are not needed to other kind of advertisements, just because are not so direct to the customer. On the other hand direct mail is the most attractive to customers and the most successful. A company has to balance its efforts with its goals and make the most willing choice. In my opinion, direct mail should be in the first positions.
Works Cited:
Ad Age Data Place. 4 Nov. 2005
Alicia Orr Suman, “ Ideas you can take to the Bank! 10 Big Things All Direct Marketers should be doing Now,” Target Marketing, Feb. 2003.
Allan J. Katz, “The Seven Vital Steps You Must Know To Ensure Direct Mail Success”
“Benefits of Direct mail” 10 November 2005
Γιώργος Χ. Ζώτος “Διαφήμιση, Σχεδιασμός και λειτουργία στα πλαίσια της επιχείρησης” University Studio Press, 1992.
Clow, Bacck. Integrated Advertising, Promotion, & Marketing Communications. Upper saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,2002.
“Economic Impact: US Direct and Interactive Marketing Today.” 6 Nov. 2005
Infoscouts “ Direct Marketing”
Kotler, & Gary. Marketing, An Intorduction.
Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall,2005.
“Language of advertisement”, 5 Nov. 2005
< http://www.stanford.edu/class/linguist34/>
Roberts, & Berger. Direct Marketing Management.
Prentice Hall International Edition.
“Small business notes: Direct mail as an advertising medium” 4 November 2005
“Tools and resources for direct mail”, 5 Nov. 2005
“What is Direct mail?” 11 November 2005
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