Firstly, my dream in the past was to play proffesional basketball probably in Olympiacos for the following reasons. First that I love to play basketball until now and the way and style that every basketball player have through a game.But when I was a child I had broken four times my legs when I played football so the dream had stayed dream. I wanted to play for Olympiacos beacause it is the team I believe and will never change this team. The final reason for playing basketball was that from the coach to learn every secret of baketball weorld so I will be ready for the team when it was nessesary.
Seondly, if I had the oppurtunity to return the time behind I would decide to choose different things to do.On of these would be to leave from Athens and go to leave in the greek island Andros. It is a big island where everyone knows everyone and it is realy very quiet in Andros. Because in Andros they do not have big buildings but only houses I would probably find a house near to the water and a job as a barman. I know it is difficult to change images and leave Athens and go to an island forever. Finally I belive when you arrived in Adros you think that you are in a paradise place with good thoughs only.
Thirdly, we know that from last year untin now Greece is a country that only If you have euros you cfan do anything you want. So If i had money I will propably buy a place that I can create my own club PARADISE. So I find a place in Glifada and start the work. I know that hear in Greece is not very easy to build a club because you need a lot of papers and money. So after the finish of this staff I would propapby hired people that the know to work in a club. Everything inside will be white and in the door I will pur three people to check if everyone that goes inside are good dressed. Finally I believe when everyone goes inside the club they do not tyhink the crisis and spent money.
Fourhtly if I have money I will buy two or three houses that they do not leave many people in an island beacause in the future if this island have o lot of people i can sold them each house a lot of money. I can see front and i believe that iun some years the crisis will be left and everyone now sell anyhthing very cheap so if you give 100.000 euros when you will solf these houses you will be rich because you sold each house 200.000 euros. I t is noy difficult moneey it is nesessary to have.
Finally if I had an oppurtunity to do nothing in my life and sit down and only collect. If in my name passed some houses and every month collect from each man money for the house that he or she leaved. Secondly, with the money i can buy cars, shoes and many other things. I believe that someone that does not do anything and collects money only every month is very very lucky because nad sold the problem that eveyone have in the mind: How to earn a lot of money.
Σάββατο 24 Ιουλίου 2010
Πέμπτη 22 Ιουλίου 2010
Five hobbies tha I have.
Through this article I will analyze my hobbies. My first hobbbie and the most important for me it is basketball. Through basketball we can learn many things like tactiks, how to keep the ball and may other things. Basketball is a way that when you start to play you forget every problems you have and you focus your mind in the ball. The target of each player through a basketball match is at the end to be the winner. If you are playing alone you can practice with shoots from distance and also you can gym your body.
My second hobby is to read books. When I fell tired from doing essays for University I want to read a book. I prefer to read books with crimes and murders. When I start to read a book most of the times I do not stop reading it because I want to see who killed the victim. Also mostof the times I feel that I am part of the book and some times put my fantancy to understand the next moves of the writer. I believe that many childrens read the same types of book with me because in reality every day you can see murders, crime investigations and in television the same things. This type of book sells a lot.
My third hobby it was a hobby that I had when I was a chind from 8 to 16 years old. I was scoutmaster and I had a team with scouts and we organized meetings every saturday in differend places every time and organize some games and have fun.Also through tins meeting we gathered and learned through a book for as child that he leaved in the jungle through his life. Finally through these meetings you forget everything schools and maths and for three hours every time you are free for anything.
My fourth hobby is trips. When I have time and money I get my bag and start to travel. Untlil now I had travelled in Spain, England and Germany. It is fantastic to see things in reality beacause many people do not have money to travel and see only pictures from books. Through the countries I had learned many things about each country. I had met new people in these countries and with some of them we speak until now. Also I believe that now is cheapiest to travel around world Greece.
My finally hobby is the hobby that everyone done it everyday at home and at work. It is facebook. Throug facebook you can find friends from school that you had lost through years and teachers and offcourse to meet new people an d speak with them. Also you can play many games like MAFIA WARS, FARMVILLE, JOVILLE, FRONTIER VILL and some other games. Many people can stay in facebook for hours because it is free.Therefore through some sites inside facebook you can learn some news that happened at the same time.This is facebbok that you can do everything you want
My second hobby is to read books. When I fell tired from doing essays for University I want to read a book. I prefer to read books with crimes and murders. When I start to read a book most of the times I do not stop reading it because I want to see who killed the victim. Also mostof the times I feel that I am part of the book and some times put my fantancy to understand the next moves of the writer. I believe that many childrens read the same types of book with me because in reality every day you can see murders, crime investigations and in television the same things. This type of book sells a lot.
My third hobby it was a hobby that I had when I was a chind from 8 to 16 years old. I was scoutmaster and I had a team with scouts and we organized meetings every saturday in differend places every time and organize some games and have fun.Also through tins meeting we gathered and learned through a book for as child that he leaved in the jungle through his life. Finally through these meetings you forget everything schools and maths and for three hours every time you are free for anything.
My fourth hobby is trips. When I have time and money I get my bag and start to travel. Untlil now I had travelled in Spain, England and Germany. It is fantastic to see things in reality beacause many people do not have money to travel and see only pictures from books. Through the countries I had learned many things about each country. I had met new people in these countries and with some of them we speak until now. Also I believe that now is cheapiest to travel around world Greece.
My finally hobby is the hobby that everyone done it everyday at home and at work. It is facebook. Throug facebook you can find friends from school that you had lost through years and teachers and offcourse to meet new people an d speak with them. Also you can play many games like MAFIA WARS, FARMVILLE, JOVILLE, FRONTIER VILL and some other games. Many people can stay in facebook for hours because it is free.Therefore through some sites inside facebook you can learn some news that happened at the same time.This is facebbok that you can do everything you want
Τρίτη 20 Ιουλίου 2010
IBRAHIMOVIC-PIQUE May 2010
In this project we can see that I analyze about some rumours that was heard about Ibrahimovic and Pique that they are 'couple'.
IBRAHIMOVIC-PIQUE
Ibrahimovic and Pique are two of the football players of Barcelona that they are in the same team only one year. Until now know one hear anything bad for this two football players until now when a fan of Barcelona had taken a photo that now you can see it everywhere in the internet, in the newspapers and in the TV. But let learn some things about their lives until now.
Ibrahimović was born in Malmö to a Bosnian father, Šefik Ibrahimović, and a Croatian mother, Jurka Gravić, who emigrated to Sweden, where they first met. Ibrahimović grew up in Rosengård, a Malmö neighbourhood known for its immigrant communities, along with his three sisters and two brothers. After receiving a pair of football boots, Ibrahimović began playing football at the age of six, alternating between local junior clubs Malmö BI and FBK Balkan. He has stated in an interview that while his team was down 4–0 during halftime, he came on as a substitute for his Balkan youth team and dramatically scored eight goals. While in his early teens, he was a regular for his hometown club Malmö FF. At the age of 15, Ibrahimović was close to quitting his football career, in favour of working at the docks in Malmö, but his manager convinced him to continue playing. Ibrahimović successfully completed junior high school in the ninth grade, and though he was admitted to Borgarskolan, he soon dropped out of high school to focus on his football career. Signed his first contract with his hometown club Malmö FF in 1996, and moved up to the senior side for the 1999 season of Allsvenskan, Sweden's top-flight league. That season, Malmö finished 13th in the league and were relegated to the second division, but returned to the top flight the next season. Arsène Wenger unsuccessfully tried to persuade Ibrahimović to join, while Leo Beenhakker also expressed interest in the player after watching him in a training match against Norwegian side Moss. On 22 March 2001, a deal between Ajax and Malmö regarding Ibrahimović's transfer to Amsterdam was announced, and in July, Ibrahimović officially joined Ajax for €7.8 million.
Ibrahimović received little playing time under manager Co Adriaanse, but when Adriaanse was sacked on 29 November 2001, new coach Ronald Koeman inserted Ibrahimović into the starting lineup as Ajax won the 2001–02 Eredivisie title. The next season, Ibrahimović scored twice in a 2–1 victory over perennial French champions Lyon in his Champions League debut on 17 September 2002. He scored four Champions League goals overall as Ajax fell to Milan in the quarter-finals. In his final season with Ajax, Ibrahimović's profile rose when he scored a breathtaking goal against NAC on 22 August 2004, a goal that was eventually voted the "Goal of the Year" by Eurosport viewers. He netted only once in the 2003–04 Champions League as Ajax were eliminated in the group stage. On 18 August 2004, Ibrahimović injured fellow Ajax teammate Rafael van der Vaart during an international match against the Netherlands, which led to accusations from van der Vaart that Ibrahimović had hurt him intentionally. This led to Ibrahimović's sudden sale to Juventus on 31 August. Ibrahimović moved from Ajax to Juventus for €16 million. He was promptly inserted into the starting eleven due in part to top scorer David Trezeguet's injury problems, and scored sixteen goals. Near the end of the season, Juventus reportedly rejected a €70 million bid for him from Real Madrid, which was later revealed to be a publicity stunt initiated by Ibrahimović's agent, Mino Raiola, in order to increase his market value. On 14 November 2005, he was awarded the Guldbollen, a prize awarded to the best Swedish footballer of the year. The following season was poor compared to his first season; his role in Juventus' attack changed, as he became less of a goalscorer and moved more to the sidelines, taking much part in the build-up play, especially as a target player, and his assist numbers increased. In the 2005–06 season, Juventus fans often got frustrated with him due to his anonymous presence in certain important games such as the Champions League defeat to Arsenal. Juventus were stripped of their last two Scudetti as part of the verdict from the Calciopoli scandal, and were relegated to Serie B. The new staff tried to persuade Ibrahimović and other top players to stay with Juventus, but the player and his agent were adamant to move on, with Raiola threatening legal action in order to extricate Ibrahimović from his contract.
Ibrahimović signed a four-year contract with Internazionale on 10 August 2006, a few days after Patrick Vieira completed his transfer. Inter paid Juventus for €24.8 million. He revealed that he supported Internazionale when he was young. He started his spell at the club by scoring one goal and assisting another in a league match against Fiorentina and ended his first season as Inter's top goalscorer with 15 goals. After Maxwell completed his transfer to Barcelona, president Joan Laporta confirmed that there was an agreement in principle between Barcelona and Internazionale for Ibrahimović to join the club in exchange for Samuel Eto'o, plus a fee. Laporta revealed that the negotiations started when he decided to divert a flight, which was originally from Ukraine to Spain, in order to have talks with Massimo Moratti, the president of Internazionale, in Milan. Ibrahimović left Internazionale from the United States on tour in the World Football Challenge on 23 July 2009 for negotiations with Barcelona, with his last match for Internazionale being against Chelsea. After Internazionale agreed terms with Eto'o and Barcelona with Ibrahimović, Barcelona announced Ibrahimović would arrive on 26 July 2009 and undergo a medical test on 27 July 2009. Ibrahimovic passed his medical and was presented to a crowd of over 60,000 at Camp Noun. He signed a 5-year contract, for €46 million and the exchange of Eton’s and loan of Aleksandra Help with a €250 million release clause, making Ibrahimović worth €66 million. Afterwards, Hleb refused the transfer and later loaned out to Stuttgart; therefore, Barcelona added a reported €3 million fee to compensate, making Ibrahimović worth a final total of €69 million. This broke a transfer record to become the second highest transfer fee in football history. He signed for an annual salary of €14.5 million including bonuses. Barcelona announced Ibrahimović successfully underwent surgery on his fractured left hand's second metacarpal on 28 July 2009. He returned to full training on 12 August 2009 for Barcelona. Barcelona also paid FBK Balkan, Ibrahimović's youth club, €144,000 and Malmö FF, Ibrahimović's first senior club, €2 million under the FIFA solidarity system.
Gerard Pique started his career in Barcelona's youth teams as a left footed defensive midfielder, but before he signed his first professional contract with the club, he decided to join Manchester United. The Premier League side did not pay a fee for Piqué as he was too young to have a professional contract. Piqué made his debut for Manchester United in October 2004, as a late replacement for John O'Shea in a 3–0 League Cup victory at Crewe Alexandra as a centre back. He made his full debut on 29 March 2006 against West Ham United, in a Premier League match at Old Trafford, playing at right back, as Gary Neville was unavailable through injury. His performances, most notably in the reserve team, earned him a new contract, which he signed in February 2005 to run until the summer of 2009. On 4 August 2006, however, La Liga side Real Zaragoza secured Piqué on a season-long loan. The conditions of the loan involved Piqué having to feature in at least 20 games for the Aragonese outfit, which he did, as he made 22 first team appearances in a successful spell, alongside Argentine Gabriel Milito, either as a stopper or a holding midfielder. On 5 May 2007, it was announced that Piqué would be staying at Old Trafford for the following season. Sir Alex Ferguson had intended to assess Pique's form on the 6th at La Romareda, prior to a meeting, where the two parties would discuss Pique's future prospects with the club. However, Ferguson was unable to appear on account of airline difficulties. Piqué's return to Old Trafford saw him make nine league appearances during the 2007–08 seasons. He scored on his first start in the Champions League, a 4–0 home win against Dynamo Kyiv on 7 November 2007, as Piqué scored the first of Manchester United's four goals in that match. In doing so, he became the 450th player to score at least one goal for the club. His second goal for the club also came in the Champions League, in an away match to Roma on 12 December 2007.
On 27 May 2008, Piqué signed a four-year contract with Barcelona, with a €50 million buy-out clause. Barcelona paid an undisclosed fee for the player. Piqué's first goal for Barcelona came in the club's 5–2 UEFA Champions League group stage win at Sporting CP on 26 November 2008. His first domestic goal for the club followed two months later, on 29 January 2009, in a Copa del Rey match against local rivals Espanyol. The goal, which came from a corner kick in the 57th minute, turned out to be the game winner in a 3–2 victory for Barcelona. Piqué scored his first league goal for Barcelona on 2 May 2009, in a 6–2 away thrashing of Real Madrid, in El Clásico. On 13 May 2009, he picked up the first trophy of his Barcelona career as he helped his club to a 4–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao in the Copa Del Rey final. Three days later, Barcelona clinched the league title after Real Madrid lost 3-2 to Villarreal, with two games left in the season. He played against his former club Manchester United in the 2009 Champions League Final on 27 May, which Barcelona won 2–0, hence completing an historic treble. He became the third player to win the European Cup or Champions League in two successive years with two different teams, along with Marcel Desailly and Paulo Sousa. On 26 February, 2010, Pique signed a contract extension that will keep him at Barcelona until at least the summer of 2015.
Ibrahimovic and Pique the do not have a specific target audience. Everyone that watches football come to Camp Nou to watch them. But let speak with ages. We has parents that come with their children’s from age six to ten years old that they do not any player and start to learn the names of each player. Also they start at this age to learn the meaning of playing football and then rules of the game. Then we have the ages from eleven years old to thirty five years old. This is the real fans that everywhere that they will be will go and Ibrahimovic and Pique to play a good football or alone or with parents. These ages live to see play these two football players. Then we have the ages thirty six years old to fifty years old that this had come from ages behind in this stadium to see football but because Ibrahimovic is the first year in Barcelona they are happy that they are alive to see that a great player came to play for Barcelona. But Pique because are years in Barcelona they know him and they believe that it is a great player and they will play for many more years in Barcelona. I believe that these are the target audience of each player because I believe that from fifty one years old that they do not come to see only this two players but and the others players that play for Barcelona. Or because we are in days of economic crisis they stay home and they watch play football from television.
Every player promotes through some ways their self. Through internet that we learn anytime that this football player have done this thing. Secondly through some advertisements that they will promote a product also they will promote their self. The real fans that they will that Ibrahimovic and Pique promote some clothes they will go and buy it because the fans that they clothes are good because these football players. Some others time we can see that the football players do some donations so that they saw to the fans that they care about the people that they have anything to eat and wear. Some of them they will write the biography in a book and the sells going up some times if the football players they are fabulous. Other times they choose to do interviews in television or radio and they speak about their lifes and if they have to play a match a few days later they speak about the game and the team that they will play against.
Press Release
The photo above has started the rumors that both Ibrahimovic and Piqué are gay. The photo, that allegedly leaked from Facebook and spread like fire in the Spanish and Italian media, is showing Ibrahimovic holding hands ever so tenderly with teammate Gerard Piqué while leaning against a car.
How did Ibrahimovic respond on these rumors?
“Come with your sister to my house and see if I’m gay,” was the response by Zlatan when asked to give a comment of the photo above by a journalist for the Spanish TV show “Salvame”.
My Press Release
Two of the big stars of Barcelona Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Gerard Pique after the practice with their team they go to their garage to take their cars. Then their it was a fan there that he took a picture that Zlatan Ibrahimovic holding hands with Gerard Pique while leaning against a car. This is the first time that we hear something so bad for the reputation of the football players. But we can say that it was the wrong time that happened and they are men 100% and they are not gay.
Works Cited
• http://www.crazynfunny.com/zlatan-ibrahimovic-and-gerard-pique-getting-intimate/pictures/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Piqu%C3%A9
IBRAHIMOVIC-PIQUE
Ibrahimovic and Pique are two of the football players of Barcelona that they are in the same team only one year. Until now know one hear anything bad for this two football players until now when a fan of Barcelona had taken a photo that now you can see it everywhere in the internet, in the newspapers and in the TV. But let learn some things about their lives until now.
Ibrahimović was born in Malmö to a Bosnian father, Šefik Ibrahimović, and a Croatian mother, Jurka Gravić, who emigrated to Sweden, where they first met. Ibrahimović grew up in Rosengård, a Malmö neighbourhood known for its immigrant communities, along with his three sisters and two brothers. After receiving a pair of football boots, Ibrahimović began playing football at the age of six, alternating between local junior clubs Malmö BI and FBK Balkan. He has stated in an interview that while his team was down 4–0 during halftime, he came on as a substitute for his Balkan youth team and dramatically scored eight goals. While in his early teens, he was a regular for his hometown club Malmö FF. At the age of 15, Ibrahimović was close to quitting his football career, in favour of working at the docks in Malmö, but his manager convinced him to continue playing. Ibrahimović successfully completed junior high school in the ninth grade, and though he was admitted to Borgarskolan, he soon dropped out of high school to focus on his football career. Signed his first contract with his hometown club Malmö FF in 1996, and moved up to the senior side for the 1999 season of Allsvenskan, Sweden's top-flight league. That season, Malmö finished 13th in the league and were relegated to the second division, but returned to the top flight the next season. Arsène Wenger unsuccessfully tried to persuade Ibrahimović to join, while Leo Beenhakker also expressed interest in the player after watching him in a training match against Norwegian side Moss. On 22 March 2001, a deal between Ajax and Malmö regarding Ibrahimović's transfer to Amsterdam was announced, and in July, Ibrahimović officially joined Ajax for €7.8 million.
Ibrahimović received little playing time under manager Co Adriaanse, but when Adriaanse was sacked on 29 November 2001, new coach Ronald Koeman inserted Ibrahimović into the starting lineup as Ajax won the 2001–02 Eredivisie title. The next season, Ibrahimović scored twice in a 2–1 victory over perennial French champions Lyon in his Champions League debut on 17 September 2002. He scored four Champions League goals overall as Ajax fell to Milan in the quarter-finals. In his final season with Ajax, Ibrahimović's profile rose when he scored a breathtaking goal against NAC on 22 August 2004, a goal that was eventually voted the "Goal of the Year" by Eurosport viewers. He netted only once in the 2003–04 Champions League as Ajax were eliminated in the group stage. On 18 August 2004, Ibrahimović injured fellow Ajax teammate Rafael van der Vaart during an international match against the Netherlands, which led to accusations from van der Vaart that Ibrahimović had hurt him intentionally. This led to Ibrahimović's sudden sale to Juventus on 31 August. Ibrahimović moved from Ajax to Juventus for €16 million. He was promptly inserted into the starting eleven due in part to top scorer David Trezeguet's injury problems, and scored sixteen goals. Near the end of the season, Juventus reportedly rejected a €70 million bid for him from Real Madrid, which was later revealed to be a publicity stunt initiated by Ibrahimović's agent, Mino Raiola, in order to increase his market value. On 14 November 2005, he was awarded the Guldbollen, a prize awarded to the best Swedish footballer of the year. The following season was poor compared to his first season; his role in Juventus' attack changed, as he became less of a goalscorer and moved more to the sidelines, taking much part in the build-up play, especially as a target player, and his assist numbers increased. In the 2005–06 season, Juventus fans often got frustrated with him due to his anonymous presence in certain important games such as the Champions League defeat to Arsenal. Juventus were stripped of their last two Scudetti as part of the verdict from the Calciopoli scandal, and were relegated to Serie B. The new staff tried to persuade Ibrahimović and other top players to stay with Juventus, but the player and his agent were adamant to move on, with Raiola threatening legal action in order to extricate Ibrahimović from his contract.
Ibrahimović signed a four-year contract with Internazionale on 10 August 2006, a few days after Patrick Vieira completed his transfer. Inter paid Juventus for €24.8 million. He revealed that he supported Internazionale when he was young. He started his spell at the club by scoring one goal and assisting another in a league match against Fiorentina and ended his first season as Inter's top goalscorer with 15 goals. After Maxwell completed his transfer to Barcelona, president Joan Laporta confirmed that there was an agreement in principle between Barcelona and Internazionale for Ibrahimović to join the club in exchange for Samuel Eto'o, plus a fee. Laporta revealed that the negotiations started when he decided to divert a flight, which was originally from Ukraine to Spain, in order to have talks with Massimo Moratti, the president of Internazionale, in Milan. Ibrahimović left Internazionale from the United States on tour in the World Football Challenge on 23 July 2009 for negotiations with Barcelona, with his last match for Internazionale being against Chelsea. After Internazionale agreed terms with Eto'o and Barcelona with Ibrahimović, Barcelona announced Ibrahimović would arrive on 26 July 2009 and undergo a medical test on 27 July 2009. Ibrahimovic passed his medical and was presented to a crowd of over 60,000 at Camp Noun. He signed a 5-year contract, for €46 million and the exchange of Eton’s and loan of Aleksandra Help with a €250 million release clause, making Ibrahimović worth €66 million. Afterwards, Hleb refused the transfer and later loaned out to Stuttgart; therefore, Barcelona added a reported €3 million fee to compensate, making Ibrahimović worth a final total of €69 million. This broke a transfer record to become the second highest transfer fee in football history. He signed for an annual salary of €14.5 million including bonuses. Barcelona announced Ibrahimović successfully underwent surgery on his fractured left hand's second metacarpal on 28 July 2009. He returned to full training on 12 August 2009 for Barcelona. Barcelona also paid FBK Balkan, Ibrahimović's youth club, €144,000 and Malmö FF, Ibrahimović's first senior club, €2 million under the FIFA solidarity system.
Gerard Pique started his career in Barcelona's youth teams as a left footed defensive midfielder, but before he signed his first professional contract with the club, he decided to join Manchester United. The Premier League side did not pay a fee for Piqué as he was too young to have a professional contract. Piqué made his debut for Manchester United in October 2004, as a late replacement for John O'Shea in a 3–0 League Cup victory at Crewe Alexandra as a centre back. He made his full debut on 29 March 2006 against West Ham United, in a Premier League match at Old Trafford, playing at right back, as Gary Neville was unavailable through injury. His performances, most notably in the reserve team, earned him a new contract, which he signed in February 2005 to run until the summer of 2009. On 4 August 2006, however, La Liga side Real Zaragoza secured Piqué on a season-long loan. The conditions of the loan involved Piqué having to feature in at least 20 games for the Aragonese outfit, which he did, as he made 22 first team appearances in a successful spell, alongside Argentine Gabriel Milito, either as a stopper or a holding midfielder. On 5 May 2007, it was announced that Piqué would be staying at Old Trafford for the following season. Sir Alex Ferguson had intended to assess Pique's form on the 6th at La Romareda, prior to a meeting, where the two parties would discuss Pique's future prospects with the club. However, Ferguson was unable to appear on account of airline difficulties. Piqué's return to Old Trafford saw him make nine league appearances during the 2007–08 seasons. He scored on his first start in the Champions League, a 4–0 home win against Dynamo Kyiv on 7 November 2007, as Piqué scored the first of Manchester United's four goals in that match. In doing so, he became the 450th player to score at least one goal for the club. His second goal for the club also came in the Champions League, in an away match to Roma on 12 December 2007.
On 27 May 2008, Piqué signed a four-year contract with Barcelona, with a €50 million buy-out clause. Barcelona paid an undisclosed fee for the player. Piqué's first goal for Barcelona came in the club's 5–2 UEFA Champions League group stage win at Sporting CP on 26 November 2008. His first domestic goal for the club followed two months later, on 29 January 2009, in a Copa del Rey match against local rivals Espanyol. The goal, which came from a corner kick in the 57th minute, turned out to be the game winner in a 3–2 victory for Barcelona. Piqué scored his first league goal for Barcelona on 2 May 2009, in a 6–2 away thrashing of Real Madrid, in El Clásico. On 13 May 2009, he picked up the first trophy of his Barcelona career as he helped his club to a 4–1 victory over Athletic Bilbao in the Copa Del Rey final. Three days later, Barcelona clinched the league title after Real Madrid lost 3-2 to Villarreal, with two games left in the season. He played against his former club Manchester United in the 2009 Champions League Final on 27 May, which Barcelona won 2–0, hence completing an historic treble. He became the third player to win the European Cup or Champions League in two successive years with two different teams, along with Marcel Desailly and Paulo Sousa. On 26 February, 2010, Pique signed a contract extension that will keep him at Barcelona until at least the summer of 2015.
Ibrahimovic and Pique the do not have a specific target audience. Everyone that watches football come to Camp Nou to watch them. But let speak with ages. We has parents that come with their children’s from age six to ten years old that they do not any player and start to learn the names of each player. Also they start at this age to learn the meaning of playing football and then rules of the game. Then we have the ages from eleven years old to thirty five years old. This is the real fans that everywhere that they will be will go and Ibrahimovic and Pique to play a good football or alone or with parents. These ages live to see play these two football players. Then we have the ages thirty six years old to fifty years old that this had come from ages behind in this stadium to see football but because Ibrahimovic is the first year in Barcelona they are happy that they are alive to see that a great player came to play for Barcelona. But Pique because are years in Barcelona they know him and they believe that it is a great player and they will play for many more years in Barcelona. I believe that these are the target audience of each player because I believe that from fifty one years old that they do not come to see only this two players but and the others players that play for Barcelona. Or because we are in days of economic crisis they stay home and they watch play football from television.
Every player promotes through some ways their self. Through internet that we learn anytime that this football player have done this thing. Secondly through some advertisements that they will promote a product also they will promote their self. The real fans that they will that Ibrahimovic and Pique promote some clothes they will go and buy it because the fans that they clothes are good because these football players. Some others time we can see that the football players do some donations so that they saw to the fans that they care about the people that they have anything to eat and wear. Some of them they will write the biography in a book and the sells going up some times if the football players they are fabulous. Other times they choose to do interviews in television or radio and they speak about their lifes and if they have to play a match a few days later they speak about the game and the team that they will play against.
Press Release
The photo above has started the rumors that both Ibrahimovic and Piqué are gay. The photo, that allegedly leaked from Facebook and spread like fire in the Spanish and Italian media, is showing Ibrahimovic holding hands ever so tenderly with teammate Gerard Piqué while leaning against a car.
How did Ibrahimovic respond on these rumors?
“Come with your sister to my house and see if I’m gay,” was the response by Zlatan when asked to give a comment of the photo above by a journalist for the Spanish TV show “Salvame”.
My Press Release
Two of the big stars of Barcelona Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Gerard Pique after the practice with their team they go to their garage to take their cars. Then their it was a fan there that he took a picture that Zlatan Ibrahimovic holding hands with Gerard Pique while leaning against a car. This is the first time that we hear something so bad for the reputation of the football players. But we can say that it was the wrong time that happened and they are men 100% and they are not gay.
Works Cited
• http://www.crazynfunny.com/zlatan-ibrahimovic-and-gerard-pique-getting-intimate/pictures/
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan_Ibrahimovi%C4%87
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_Piqu%C3%A9
Electronic Stock Exchange May 2010
Electronic Stock Exchange
One game it was enough between Juventus Football club and Assaciazone Calcio Milan, on December 18, 2004, it was enough for two billion fans to sit and watch it through seventeen electronic cameras that they are inside the stadium. Two cameras were behind of each goalkeeper of each team. From the season of Industrial Revolution and the day when the first football clubs had showed up in Britain until today many things had changed in football. Off course they are things like the rules in football that exist until now, but the football now is not the same with the football in Industrial revolution. The fans of each football club are now customer and they can give a lot of money in each football through through tickets etc.
We arrived finally in the new season. Where a football player is a part of a football club and a goal for him transformed the goal into a bill in the football club balance. The goals generally every time had a good value. The today goals of this hi-teck season and of the world electronic village continue to be from fans a good way for stoup up but also the goals are a way of electronic values. But we have the football electronic values everyone had forgotten. When Napoli in 2000 in a way to respect Maradona had decided mo-one football player of Napoli in the future to wear the sweat with number 10. But the depts of Napoli in 2004 had driven him from the second category to the third category. But in the third category the football players can wear only a sweat from number one to eleven. The results was the sweat with the number ten had reappearance as a sweat. Finally in today football Stock Exchange it does not respect the small teams.
When the football diverted as a product, the expectations of earning a lot of money many people came and started playing. In a century that so many things happened, the sales of television rights between 1995 to 2000 in the football world, the football had gone up. But as we can see between the companies that they want to have the television rights of a football club most of the time we have a war for which company will give the best proposal. At the same time the football product face up the reality of the market. The reality is that the powerful football clubs survive and can be more powerful in the future and the smaller teams have a fight with the time before they disappear from the football map. This had happened because the small teams want to have a good income when they will give to a company the television rights. For this situation I will tell you one example that had happened in Britain. One private television channel ITV had paid a lot of money for the television rights for some teams in the third category in England and for the Champions League. But a few people buy this package from ITV. So they create a second package and they put more offers but the same had happened. So the result was that the television channel had closed and the teams that they had sold the television rights had destroyed.
Finally as we can see is that everything can happen with money. The first day you are god and the second day you can destroy yourself and others because you had done some wrong moves. This can happen in football at the backstage in the room that known one from the viewers can see what happened in the past or what will happen in the future.
One game it was enough between Juventus Football club and Assaciazone Calcio Milan, on December 18, 2004, it was enough for two billion fans to sit and watch it through seventeen electronic cameras that they are inside the stadium. Two cameras were behind of each goalkeeper of each team. From the season of Industrial Revolution and the day when the first football clubs had showed up in Britain until today many things had changed in football. Off course they are things like the rules in football that exist until now, but the football now is not the same with the football in Industrial revolution. The fans of each football club are now customer and they can give a lot of money in each football through through tickets etc.
We arrived finally in the new season. Where a football player is a part of a football club and a goal for him transformed the goal into a bill in the football club balance. The goals generally every time had a good value. The today goals of this hi-teck season and of the world electronic village continue to be from fans a good way for stoup up but also the goals are a way of electronic values. But we have the football electronic values everyone had forgotten. When Napoli in 2000 in a way to respect Maradona had decided mo-one football player of Napoli in the future to wear the sweat with number 10. But the depts of Napoli in 2004 had driven him from the second category to the third category. But in the third category the football players can wear only a sweat from number one to eleven. The results was the sweat with the number ten had reappearance as a sweat. Finally in today football Stock Exchange it does not respect the small teams.
When the football diverted as a product, the expectations of earning a lot of money many people came and started playing. In a century that so many things happened, the sales of television rights between 1995 to 2000 in the football world, the football had gone up. But as we can see between the companies that they want to have the television rights of a football club most of the time we have a war for which company will give the best proposal. At the same time the football product face up the reality of the market. The reality is that the powerful football clubs survive and can be more powerful in the future and the smaller teams have a fight with the time before they disappear from the football map. This had happened because the small teams want to have a good income when they will give to a company the television rights. For this situation I will tell you one example that had happened in Britain. One private television channel ITV had paid a lot of money for the television rights for some teams in the third category in England and for the Champions League. But a few people buy this package from ITV. So they create a second package and they put more offers but the same had happened. So the result was that the television channel had closed and the teams that they had sold the television rights had destroyed.
Finally as we can see is that everything can happen with money. The first day you are god and the second day you can destroy yourself and others because you had done some wrong moves. This can happen in football at the backstage in the room that known one from the viewers can see what happened in the past or what will happen in the future.
F.C. Barcelona&UNICEF April 2010 April 2010
In this project we analyze how Barcelona decide to put Unicef as sponsor in the shirt.
F.C. Barcelona&UNICEF
Football club Barcelona also known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barca, is a football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The team was founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Spanish men led by Joan Gamper. The club has become a Catalan institution, hence the moto ʺMes que un club.ʺ Through the history of Barcelona except that is a great team, and it had done some great things for me. Since its founding Barcelona had never worn corporate advertisements. On 14 July 2006 the club announced a five year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement has the club donate 1.5 million per year to UNICEF via the F.C Barcelona foundation and rejecting significant money offers to be the first shirt sponsor of the football team. (Wikipedia)
As we can see Barcelona had reached in this decision for the following reasons. Firstly this football club through the decades had built an empire with a lot of money. The president that has passed through the years was very genius men to keep this football club without a shirt sponsorship. Secondly in Spain all the stadiums when they have games they are filled to capacity because the fans they do not care if they play football with the last team or with the second team of Spain. So through the games the income through the tickets is very high. This is a different philosophy of fans because here in Greece when a football club likes Olympiakos playing with Panathinaikos the stadium is filled to capacity so the income is very high. But when Olympiakos playing football with Panaxaiki the stadium is empty from fans and income from the tickets is lower than other times. So Barcelona through tickets every Saturday or Sunday the income is very high. Thirdly, except from the shirt sponsor Barcelona has another sponsor that we can see in every billboard of the stadium. The sponsor is NIKE and the income probably is very high every year. Finally when we see some players that they are playing in some advertisements and they used the shirt of their team the football club earn some money itself.
Before the UNICEF why they did not put a shirt sponsor? I believe for the following reasons. Firstly I believe it is not good for a team to have shirt sponsor because if the president of one team choose to put a lot of shirt sponsors a few years later we will not see the colour of the shirt. Here in Greece as we can see the football clubs decide to put five or six shirt sponsors because the football clubs have so many economical problems but the fans can not see the colour of the shirt but only sponsors. Secondly the president of Barcelona except that is a president is also a fun of his team and he does not need the money of other sponsors because it is a very rich man and so far for the needs of Barcelona he wants either to put money of his pocket or to take loans from the banks. Finally I believe that they decided to do this move so that the fans and the press can say that Barcelona is a team that take care the people that live in undeveloped countries and does not money for other sponsors.
Finally I agree with the way of doing donations through some economical agreement because if we do not have these agreements the people that will live in undeveloped countries they need medical, foods, clothes and other things. In the future I believe and other football clubs will do agreements for the good of people and not always the sponsors give money to football teams.
Works Cited
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona
F.C. Barcelona&UNICEF
Football club Barcelona also known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barca, is a football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The team was founded in 1899 by a group of Swiss, English and Spanish men led by Joan Gamper. The club has become a Catalan institution, hence the moto ʺMes que un club.ʺ Through the history of Barcelona except that is a great team, and it had done some great things for me. Since its founding Barcelona had never worn corporate advertisements. On 14 July 2006 the club announced a five year agreement with UNICEF, which includes having the UNICEF logo on their shirts. The agreement has the club donate 1.5 million per year to UNICEF via the F.C Barcelona foundation and rejecting significant money offers to be the first shirt sponsor of the football team. (Wikipedia)
As we can see Barcelona had reached in this decision for the following reasons. Firstly this football club through the decades had built an empire with a lot of money. The president that has passed through the years was very genius men to keep this football club without a shirt sponsorship. Secondly in Spain all the stadiums when they have games they are filled to capacity because the fans they do not care if they play football with the last team or with the second team of Spain. So through the games the income through the tickets is very high. This is a different philosophy of fans because here in Greece when a football club likes Olympiakos playing with Panathinaikos the stadium is filled to capacity so the income is very high. But when Olympiakos playing football with Panaxaiki the stadium is empty from fans and income from the tickets is lower than other times. So Barcelona through tickets every Saturday or Sunday the income is very high. Thirdly, except from the shirt sponsor Barcelona has another sponsor that we can see in every billboard of the stadium. The sponsor is NIKE and the income probably is very high every year. Finally when we see some players that they are playing in some advertisements and they used the shirt of their team the football club earn some money itself.
Before the UNICEF why they did not put a shirt sponsor? I believe for the following reasons. Firstly I believe it is not good for a team to have shirt sponsor because if the president of one team choose to put a lot of shirt sponsors a few years later we will not see the colour of the shirt. Here in Greece as we can see the football clubs decide to put five or six shirt sponsors because the football clubs have so many economical problems but the fans can not see the colour of the shirt but only sponsors. Secondly the president of Barcelona except that is a president is also a fun of his team and he does not need the money of other sponsors because it is a very rich man and so far for the needs of Barcelona he wants either to put money of his pocket or to take loans from the banks. Finally I believe that they decided to do this move so that the fans and the press can say that Barcelona is a team that take care the people that live in undeveloped countries and does not money for other sponsors.
Finally I agree with the way of doing donations through some economical agreement because if we do not have these agreements the people that will live in undeveloped countries they need medical, foods, clothes and other things. In the future I believe and other football clubs will do agreements for the good of people and not always the sponsors give money to football teams.
Works Cited
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona
TOTENISM December 2009
In this project we can see many good information about Totenism
Totenism
Totemism is a religious belief that is frequently associated with shamanistic religions. The totem is usually an animal or other natural figure that spiritually represents a group of related people such as a clan.Totemism was a key element of study in the development of 19th and early 20th century theories of religion, especially for thinkers such as Émile Durkheim, who concentrated their study on primitive societies. Drawing on the identification of social group with spiritual totem in Australian aboriginal tribes, Durkheim theorized that all human religious expression was intrinsically founded in the relationship to a group. Totems are chosen arbitrarily for the sole purpose of making the physical world a comprehensive and coherent classificatory system. Lévi-Strauss argues that the use of physical analogies is not an indication of a more primitive mental capacity. It is rather, a more efficient way to cope with this particular mode of life in which abstractions are rare, and in which the physical environment is in direct friction with the society. He also holds that scientific explanation entails the discovery of an "arrangement"; moreover, since "the science of the concrete" is a classificatory system enabling individuals to classify the world in a rational fashion, it is neither more nor less a science than any other in the western world. (Wikipedia)
Cultural flag of the Kanak community, showing a flèche faîtière like wooden totem monument placed atop Kanak traditional dwellings. Lévi-Strauss looked at the ideas of Firth and Fortes, Durkheim, Malinowski, and Evans-Pritchard to reach his conclusions. Firth and Fortes argued that totemism was based on physical or psychological similarities between the clan and the totemic animal. Malinowski proposed that it was based on empirical interest or that the totem was 'good to eat.' In other words, there was rational interest in preserving the species. Finally Evans-Pritchard argued that the reason for totems was metaphoric. His work with the Nuer led him to believe that totems are a symbolic representation of the group. Lévi-Strauss considered Evan-Pritchard's work the correct explanation. (Wikipedia)
Totemism is a complex of varied ideas and ways of behaviour based on a worldview drawn from nature. There are ideological, mystical, emotional, reverential, and genealogical relationships of social groups or specific persons with animals or natural objects, the so-called totems. It is necessary to differentiate between group and individual totemism. These forms share some basic characteristics, but they occur with different emphases and in different specific forms. For instance, people generally view the totem as a companion, relative, protector, progenitor, or helper, ascribe to it superhuman powers and abilities, and offer it some combination of respect, veneration, awe, and fear. Most cultures use special names and emblems to refer to the totem, and those it sponsors engage in partial identification with the totem or symbolic assimilation to it. There is usually a prohibition or taboo against killing, eating, or touching the totem. Although totems are often the focus of ritual behaviour, it is generally agreed that totemism is not a religion. Totemism can certainly include religious elements in varying degrees, just as it can appear conjoined with magic. Totemism is frequently mixed with different kinds of other beliefs, such as ancestor worship, ideas of the soul, or animism. Such mixtures have historically made the understanding of particular totemistic forms difficult. (Encyclopedia of Britannica)
Individual totemism is expressed in an intimate relationship of friendship and protection between a person and a particular animal or a natural object (sometimes between a person and a species of animal); the natural object can grant special power to its owner. Frequently connected with individual totemism are definite ideas about the human soul and conceptions derived from them, such as the idea of an alter ego and nagualism--from the Spanish form of the Aztec word naualli, "something hidden or veiled"--which means that a kind of simultaneous existence is assumed between an animal or a natural object and a person; i.e., a mutual, close bond of life and fate exist in such a way that in case of the injury, sickness, or death of one partner, the same fate would befall the other member of the relationship. Consequently, such totems became most strongly tabooed; above all, they were connected with family or group leaders, chiefs, medicine men, shamans, and other socially significant persons. In shamanism, an earlier trait of individual totemism is often ascertained: the animalistic protective spirits can sometimes be derived from individual totems. To some extent, there also exists a tendency to pass on an individual totem as hereditary or to make taboo the entire species of animal to which the individual totem belongs. In this can perhaps be seen the beginning of the development of totems that belong to a group. Many tales about the origins of the group totem could, perhaps, point in this direction. Individual totemism is widely disseminated. It is found not only among the tribes of hunters and harvesters but also among farmers and herdsmen. Individual totemism is especially emphasized among the Australian Aborigines.( Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief)
Totemism has both a religious and a social aspect. These aspects vary; thus with the interior Australian tribes the religious aspect is predominant; with the coastal tribes the social aspect prevails. Lord Avebury and Spencer hold that Totemism began as a social system only, and that the superstitious regard for the totem is an aftergrowth. A. Lang, failing to grasp the religious meaning of the totem, has helped to popularize this view. McLennan and Robertson Smith teach that the religious reverence for the totem was original. Father Morice says that Totemism among the Dénés is essentially and exclusively connected with their religious system. Investigation into the nature of Totemism shows this to be the true opinion. Durkheim holds the totem to be a god. This is a mistake. The respect paid to the totem is like that given to relatives or brothers; it is his friend and helper, not his superior. Frazer says Totemism has done little to foster the higher forms of religion, and Murillier does not admit the possibility of any transition from Totemism to any other stage of religious evolution. McGee quotes Darsey, that among the Sioux totems were reverenced rather than worshipped. Frazer at first maintained the religious aspect of Totemism; now he denies this. He says the key to the Totemism of Australian natives is furnished by the Intichiuma ceremonies ; and as these ceremonies, peculiar to each totem group, are performed with spells and enchantments for the multiplication of the totem animal, therefore in its origin Totemism is simply an organized and co-operative system of magic devised for economic purposes. The criticism is that this view is superficial and unsatisfactory, that investigations show the Australian savage life to be saturated with the belief in spirits, yet if we study them in the background of the belief in spirits, their purposes more probably are the multiplication of the reincarnated forms of the spirits. When, e.g. the members of the Kangaroo clan perform magic ceremonies for the multiplication of Kangaroos, we are not warranted in stating that kangaroo animals are in question, for members of this clan are also called Kangaroos. Hence the multiplication of the human species may be intended, so that the Kangaroo spirits may be reincarnated. This seems to be confirmed by the rites having a reference to human generation performed at the puberty or Engwura ceremonies.(Catholic Encyclopedia)
Finally, the relation of exogamy to Totemism is a problem of great difficulty, and will not be completely solved until the origin of exogamy is definitely established. It is a fact that the custom prevails in many tribes that a man cannot marry a woman of his own totem, but must seek a wife from another totem clan. Hence many writers inferred that Totemism and exogamy existed together as different sides of the same institution. Thus A. Lang regards exogamy as the essential feature of Totemism. Hill-Tout takes issue with him maintaining that it is accidental or secondary, that the possession of the same totem becomes a bar to marriage only because it marks kinship by blood, which is the real bar. Lang by totem means "the hereditary totem of the exogamous clan" and admits that if we take totem in its wider extent as comprehending the "personal" totem, the "secret society" totem and the "tribal" totem, then members of these totem groups can intermarry. McLennan and Robertson Smith held that Totemism is found generally in connexion with exogamy, but must be older than exogamy. This view has been confirmed by the investigations of Spencer and Gillen among the Australian savages. They teach that Totemism is a primary and exogamy a secondary feature, and give traditions proving the existence of totems long before that of exogamous groups, and that when the latter did arise, the totems were not affected by them. Hence the exogamous class is a social organization totally different in origin and nature from the totemic clan, and not a mere extension of it, although they have crossed and blended in many places. Again Totemism and exogamy are found existing separately. Father Brun says the totemic clans of the Sudan are not exogamous. Dr. Rivers points out that the natives of Banks Islands have pure Totemism and pure exogamy existing side by side without influencing each other.( Catholic Encyclopedia)
Different theories have been proposed to account for the origin of exogamy, Westermark says it arose in the aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin, i.e. in horror of incest. This is very probably the true solution. McLennan holds that exogamy was due originally to scarcity of women, which obliged men to seek wives from other groups, i.e. marriage by capture, and this in time grew into a custom. Durkheim derives exogamy from Totemism, and says it arose from a religious respect for the blood of a totemic clan, for the clan totem is a god and is especially in the blood. Morgan and Howitt maintain that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations: especially between brother and sister, which had been common in a previous state of promiscuity. Frazer says this is the true solution, that it really introduced group marriage, which is an advance to monogamy, and that the most complete record of this is the classificatory system of relationship. Lang, however, denies there is any group marriage, and says the so-called group marriage is only tribe-regulated licence. Hill-Tout writes that exogamous rules arose for political reasons by marriage treaties between the groups. Darwin denies primitive promiscuous intercourse, and says exogamy arose from the strongest male driving the other males out of the group. This is also the opinion of Lang, Atkinson, and Letourneau. (Catholic Encyclopedia)
WORKS CITED
1. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopaedia Network. Totem from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Totemism from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/600496/totemis
3. Jesusi. Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief: Totemism October 28, 2009 from
http://www.cyberspacei.com/jesusi/inlight/religion/belief/totemism.htm
4. Catholic Encyclopedia. Totemism from
http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=11641
Totenism
Totemism is a religious belief that is frequently associated with shamanistic religions. The totem is usually an animal or other natural figure that spiritually represents a group of related people such as a clan.Totemism was a key element of study in the development of 19th and early 20th century theories of religion, especially for thinkers such as Émile Durkheim, who concentrated their study on primitive societies. Drawing on the identification of social group with spiritual totem in Australian aboriginal tribes, Durkheim theorized that all human religious expression was intrinsically founded in the relationship to a group. Totems are chosen arbitrarily for the sole purpose of making the physical world a comprehensive and coherent classificatory system. Lévi-Strauss argues that the use of physical analogies is not an indication of a more primitive mental capacity. It is rather, a more efficient way to cope with this particular mode of life in which abstractions are rare, and in which the physical environment is in direct friction with the society. He also holds that scientific explanation entails the discovery of an "arrangement"; moreover, since "the science of the concrete" is a classificatory system enabling individuals to classify the world in a rational fashion, it is neither more nor less a science than any other in the western world. (Wikipedia)
Cultural flag of the Kanak community, showing a flèche faîtière like wooden totem monument placed atop Kanak traditional dwellings. Lévi-Strauss looked at the ideas of Firth and Fortes, Durkheim, Malinowski, and Evans-Pritchard to reach his conclusions. Firth and Fortes argued that totemism was based on physical or psychological similarities between the clan and the totemic animal. Malinowski proposed that it was based on empirical interest or that the totem was 'good to eat.' In other words, there was rational interest in preserving the species. Finally Evans-Pritchard argued that the reason for totems was metaphoric. His work with the Nuer led him to believe that totems are a symbolic representation of the group. Lévi-Strauss considered Evan-Pritchard's work the correct explanation. (Wikipedia)
Totemism is a complex of varied ideas and ways of behaviour based on a worldview drawn from nature. There are ideological, mystical, emotional, reverential, and genealogical relationships of social groups or specific persons with animals or natural objects, the so-called totems. It is necessary to differentiate between group and individual totemism. These forms share some basic characteristics, but they occur with different emphases and in different specific forms. For instance, people generally view the totem as a companion, relative, protector, progenitor, or helper, ascribe to it superhuman powers and abilities, and offer it some combination of respect, veneration, awe, and fear. Most cultures use special names and emblems to refer to the totem, and those it sponsors engage in partial identification with the totem or symbolic assimilation to it. There is usually a prohibition or taboo against killing, eating, or touching the totem. Although totems are often the focus of ritual behaviour, it is generally agreed that totemism is not a religion. Totemism can certainly include religious elements in varying degrees, just as it can appear conjoined with magic. Totemism is frequently mixed with different kinds of other beliefs, such as ancestor worship, ideas of the soul, or animism. Such mixtures have historically made the understanding of particular totemistic forms difficult. (Encyclopedia of Britannica)
Individual totemism is expressed in an intimate relationship of friendship and protection between a person and a particular animal or a natural object (sometimes between a person and a species of animal); the natural object can grant special power to its owner. Frequently connected with individual totemism are definite ideas about the human soul and conceptions derived from them, such as the idea of an alter ego and nagualism--from the Spanish form of the Aztec word naualli, "something hidden or veiled"--which means that a kind of simultaneous existence is assumed between an animal or a natural object and a person; i.e., a mutual, close bond of life and fate exist in such a way that in case of the injury, sickness, or death of one partner, the same fate would befall the other member of the relationship. Consequently, such totems became most strongly tabooed; above all, they were connected with family or group leaders, chiefs, medicine men, shamans, and other socially significant persons. In shamanism, an earlier trait of individual totemism is often ascertained: the animalistic protective spirits can sometimes be derived from individual totems. To some extent, there also exists a tendency to pass on an individual totem as hereditary or to make taboo the entire species of animal to which the individual totem belongs. In this can perhaps be seen the beginning of the development of totems that belong to a group. Many tales about the origins of the group totem could, perhaps, point in this direction. Individual totemism is widely disseminated. It is found not only among the tribes of hunters and harvesters but also among farmers and herdsmen. Individual totemism is especially emphasized among the Australian Aborigines.( Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief)
Totemism has both a religious and a social aspect. These aspects vary; thus with the interior Australian tribes the religious aspect is predominant; with the coastal tribes the social aspect prevails. Lord Avebury and Spencer hold that Totemism began as a social system only, and that the superstitious regard for the totem is an aftergrowth. A. Lang, failing to grasp the religious meaning of the totem, has helped to popularize this view. McLennan and Robertson Smith teach that the religious reverence for the totem was original. Father Morice says that Totemism among the Dénés is essentially and exclusively connected with their religious system. Investigation into the nature of Totemism shows this to be the true opinion. Durkheim holds the totem to be a god. This is a mistake. The respect paid to the totem is like that given to relatives or brothers; it is his friend and helper, not his superior. Frazer says Totemism has done little to foster the higher forms of religion, and Murillier does not admit the possibility of any transition from Totemism to any other stage of religious evolution. McGee quotes Darsey, that among the Sioux totems were reverenced rather than worshipped. Frazer at first maintained the religious aspect of Totemism; now he denies this. He says the key to the Totemism of Australian natives is furnished by the Intichiuma ceremonies ; and as these ceremonies, peculiar to each totem group, are performed with spells and enchantments for the multiplication of the totem animal, therefore in its origin Totemism is simply an organized and co-operative system of magic devised for economic purposes. The criticism is that this view is superficial and unsatisfactory, that investigations show the Australian savage life to be saturated with the belief in spirits, yet if we study them in the background of the belief in spirits, their purposes more probably are the multiplication of the reincarnated forms of the spirits. When, e.g. the members of the Kangaroo clan perform magic ceremonies for the multiplication of Kangaroos, we are not warranted in stating that kangaroo animals are in question, for members of this clan are also called Kangaroos. Hence the multiplication of the human species may be intended, so that the Kangaroo spirits may be reincarnated. This seems to be confirmed by the rites having a reference to human generation performed at the puberty or Engwura ceremonies.(Catholic Encyclopedia)
Finally, the relation of exogamy to Totemism is a problem of great difficulty, and will not be completely solved until the origin of exogamy is definitely established. It is a fact that the custom prevails in many tribes that a man cannot marry a woman of his own totem, but must seek a wife from another totem clan. Hence many writers inferred that Totemism and exogamy existed together as different sides of the same institution. Thus A. Lang regards exogamy as the essential feature of Totemism. Hill-Tout takes issue with him maintaining that it is accidental or secondary, that the possession of the same totem becomes a bar to marriage only because it marks kinship by blood, which is the real bar. Lang by totem means "the hereditary totem of the exogamous clan" and admits that if we take totem in its wider extent as comprehending the "personal" totem, the "secret society" totem and the "tribal" totem, then members of these totem groups can intermarry. McLennan and Robertson Smith held that Totemism is found generally in connexion with exogamy, but must be older than exogamy. This view has been confirmed by the investigations of Spencer and Gillen among the Australian savages. They teach that Totemism is a primary and exogamy a secondary feature, and give traditions proving the existence of totems long before that of exogamous groups, and that when the latter did arise, the totems were not affected by them. Hence the exogamous class is a social organization totally different in origin and nature from the totemic clan, and not a mere extension of it, although they have crossed and blended in many places. Again Totemism and exogamy are found existing separately. Father Brun says the totemic clans of the Sudan are not exogamous. Dr. Rivers points out that the natives of Banks Islands have pure Totemism and pure exogamy existing side by side without influencing each other.( Catholic Encyclopedia)
Different theories have been proposed to account for the origin of exogamy, Westermark says it arose in the aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin, i.e. in horror of incest. This is very probably the true solution. McLennan holds that exogamy was due originally to scarcity of women, which obliged men to seek wives from other groups, i.e. marriage by capture, and this in time grew into a custom. Durkheim derives exogamy from Totemism, and says it arose from a religious respect for the blood of a totemic clan, for the clan totem is a god and is especially in the blood. Morgan and Howitt maintain that exogamy was introduced to prevent marriage between blood relations: especially between brother and sister, which had been common in a previous state of promiscuity. Frazer says this is the true solution, that it really introduced group marriage, which is an advance to monogamy, and that the most complete record of this is the classificatory system of relationship. Lang, however, denies there is any group marriage, and says the so-called group marriage is only tribe-regulated licence. Hill-Tout writes that exogamous rules arose for political reasons by marriage treaties between the groups. Darwin denies primitive promiscuous intercourse, and says exogamy arose from the strongest male driving the other males out of the group. This is also the opinion of Lang, Atkinson, and Letourneau. (Catholic Encyclopedia)
WORKS CITED
1. Wikipedia The Free Encyclopaedia Network. Totem from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem
2. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Totemism from
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/600496/totemis
3. Jesusi. Systems of Religious and Spiritual Belief: Totemism October 28, 2009 from
http://www.cyberspacei.com/jesusi/inlight/religion/belief/totemism.htm
4. Catholic Encyclopedia. Totemism from
http://www.catholic.org/encyclopedia/view.php?id=11641
THE PARMENIDES December 2009
In this project i found many good informations about Parmenides work.
Parmenides work
Parmenides of Elea was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. Parmenides was also a priest of Apollo and iatromantis. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. Parmenides was born in the Greek colony of Elea, which, according to Herodotus, had been founded shortly before 535 BCE. He was descended from a wealthy and illustrious family. His dates are uncertain; according to Diogenes Laërtius, he flourished just before 500 BCE, which would put his year of birth near 540 BCE, but Plato has him visiting Athens at the age of 65, when Socrates was a young man, c. 450 BCE, which, if true, suggests a year of birth of 515 BCE. He was said to have been a pupil of Xenophanes, and regardless of whether they actually knew each other, Xenophanes' philosophy is the most obvious influence on Parmenides. Diogenes Laërtius also describes Parmenides as a disciple of "Ameinias, son of Diochaites, the Pythagorean"; but there are no obvious Pythagorean elements in his thought. The first hero cult of a philosopher we know of was Parmenides' dedication of a heroon to his teacher Ameinias in Velia, south of Naples. Parmenides was the founder of the School of Elea, which also included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. Of his life in Elea, it was said that he had written the laws of the city. His most important pupil was Zeno, who according to Plato, was twenty-five years his junior, and was his eromenos. Parmenides had a large influence on Plato, who not only named a dialogue, Parmenides, after him, but always spoke of him with veneration. (Wikipedia)
In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth, he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of western philosophy. Parmenides' poem began with a proem describing a journey he figuratively once made to the abode of a goddess. He described how he was conveyed on “the far-fabled path of the divinity” in a chariot by a team of mares and how the maiden daughters of Helios, the sun-god, led the way. These maidens take Parmenides to whence they themselves have come, to “the halls of Night”, before which stand “the gates of the paths of night and day”. The maidens gently persuade Justice, guardian of these gates, to open them so that Parmenides himself may pass through to the abode within. Parmenides thus describes how the goddess who dwells there welcomed him upon his arrival. Parmenides' proem is no epistemological allegory of enlightenment but a topographically specific description of a mystical journey to the halls of Night. In Hesiod, the “horrible dwelling of dark Night” is where the goddesses Night and Day alternately reside as the other traverses the sky above the Earth. Both Parmenides' and Hesiod's conception of this place have their precedent in the Babylonian mythology of the sun god's abode. This abode also traditionally served as a place of judgment, and this fact tends to confirm that when Parmenides' goddess tells him that no ill fate has sent him ahead to this place, she is indicating that he has miraculously reached the place to which travel the souls of the dead. (Stanford College)
After the exposition of the origin, the necessary part of reality that is understood through reason or logos, in the next section, the Way of Appearance/Opinion/Seeming, Parmenides proceeds to explain the structure of the becoming cosmos that comes from this origin. The traditional interpretation of Parmenides' work is that he argued that the every-day perception of reality of the physical world’s mistaken, and that the reality of the world is 'One Being' unchanging, ingenerated, indestructible whole. Under the Way of Opinion, Parmenides set out a contrasting but more conventional view of the world, thereby becoming an early exponent of the duality of appearance and reality. For him and his pupils, the phenomena of movement and change are simply appearances of a static, eternal reality. It is with respect to this religious/mystical context that recent generations of scholars such as Alexander P. Mourelatos, Charles H. Kahn, and the controversial Peter Kingsley have begun to call parts of the traditional, rational logical/philosophical interpretation of Parmenides into question. It has been claimed that previous scholars placed too little emphasis on the apocalyptic context in which Parmenides frames his revelation. As a result, traditional interpretations have put Parmenidean philosophy into a more modern, metaphysical context to which it is not necessarily well suited, which has led to misunderstanding of the true meaning and intention of Parmenides' message. The obscurity and fragmentary state of the text, however, renders almost every claim that can be made about Parmenides extremely contentious, and the traditional interpretation has by no means been abandoned. (Wikipedia)
The strict monist interpretation is influentially represented in the first two volumes of W. K. C. Guthrie's A History of Greek Philosophy, where it is accorded a critical role in the development of early Greek natural philosophy from the purported material monism of the early Milesians to the pluralist physical theories of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the early atomists, Leucippus and Democritus. On Guthrie's strict monist reading, Parmenides' deduction of the nature of reality led him to conclude “that reality, and must be, a unity in the strictest sense and that any change in it impossible” and therefore that “the world as perceived by the senses is unreal”. Parmenides made the ontological argument against nothingness, essentially denying the possible existence of a void. According to Aristotle, this led Leucippus to propose the atomic theory, which supposes that everything in the universe is either atoms or voids, specifically to contradict Parmenides' argument. Aristotle himself, proclaimed, in opposition to Leucippus, the dictum horror vacui or "nature abhors a vacuum". Aristotle reasoned that in a complete vacuum, motion would encounter no resistance, and thus infinite speed would be possible, something which Aristotle would not accept. (Stanford College)
Works Cited
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides
• http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/parmenides/
Parmenides work
Parmenides of Elea was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Elea, a Greek city on the southern coast of Italy. He was the founder of the Eleatic school of philosophy. Parmenides was also a priest of Apollo and iatromantis. The single known work of Parmenides is a poem which has survived only in fragmentary form. Parmenides was born in the Greek colony of Elea, which, according to Herodotus, had been founded shortly before 535 BCE. He was descended from a wealthy and illustrious family. His dates are uncertain; according to Diogenes Laërtius, he flourished just before 500 BCE, which would put his year of birth near 540 BCE, but Plato has him visiting Athens at the age of 65, when Socrates was a young man, c. 450 BCE, which, if true, suggests a year of birth of 515 BCE. He was said to have been a pupil of Xenophanes, and regardless of whether they actually knew each other, Xenophanes' philosophy is the most obvious influence on Parmenides. Diogenes Laërtius also describes Parmenides as a disciple of "Ameinias, son of Diochaites, the Pythagorean"; but there are no obvious Pythagorean elements in his thought. The first hero cult of a philosopher we know of was Parmenides' dedication of a heroon to his teacher Ameinias in Velia, south of Naples. Parmenides was the founder of the School of Elea, which also included Zeno of Elea and Melissus of Samos. Of his life in Elea, it was said that he had written the laws of the city. His most important pupil was Zeno, who according to Plato, was twenty-five years his junior, and was his eromenos. Parmenides had a large influence on Plato, who not only named a dialogue, Parmenides, after him, but always spoke of him with veneration. (Wikipedia)
In this poem, Parmenides describes two views of reality. In The Way of Truth, he explains how reality is one, change is impossible, and existence is timeless, uniform, and unchanging. In The Way of Opinion, he explains the world of appearances, which is false and deceitful. These thoughts strongly influenced Plato, and through him, the whole of western philosophy. Parmenides' poem began with a proem describing a journey he figuratively once made to the abode of a goddess. He described how he was conveyed on “the far-fabled path of the divinity” in a chariot by a team of mares and how the maiden daughters of Helios, the sun-god, led the way. These maidens take Parmenides to whence they themselves have come, to “the halls of Night”, before which stand “the gates of the paths of night and day”. The maidens gently persuade Justice, guardian of these gates, to open them so that Parmenides himself may pass through to the abode within. Parmenides thus describes how the goddess who dwells there welcomed him upon his arrival. Parmenides' proem is no epistemological allegory of enlightenment but a topographically specific description of a mystical journey to the halls of Night. In Hesiod, the “horrible dwelling of dark Night” is where the goddesses Night and Day alternately reside as the other traverses the sky above the Earth. Both Parmenides' and Hesiod's conception of this place have their precedent in the Babylonian mythology of the sun god's abode. This abode also traditionally served as a place of judgment, and this fact tends to confirm that when Parmenides' goddess tells him that no ill fate has sent him ahead to this place, she is indicating that he has miraculously reached the place to which travel the souls of the dead. (Stanford College)
After the exposition of the origin, the necessary part of reality that is understood through reason or logos, in the next section, the Way of Appearance/Opinion/Seeming, Parmenides proceeds to explain the structure of the becoming cosmos that comes from this origin. The traditional interpretation of Parmenides' work is that he argued that the every-day perception of reality of the physical world’s mistaken, and that the reality of the world is 'One Being' unchanging, ingenerated, indestructible whole. Under the Way of Opinion, Parmenides set out a contrasting but more conventional view of the world, thereby becoming an early exponent of the duality of appearance and reality. For him and his pupils, the phenomena of movement and change are simply appearances of a static, eternal reality. It is with respect to this religious/mystical context that recent generations of scholars such as Alexander P. Mourelatos, Charles H. Kahn, and the controversial Peter Kingsley have begun to call parts of the traditional, rational logical/philosophical interpretation of Parmenides into question. It has been claimed that previous scholars placed too little emphasis on the apocalyptic context in which Parmenides frames his revelation. As a result, traditional interpretations have put Parmenidean philosophy into a more modern, metaphysical context to which it is not necessarily well suited, which has led to misunderstanding of the true meaning and intention of Parmenides' message. The obscurity and fragmentary state of the text, however, renders almost every claim that can be made about Parmenides extremely contentious, and the traditional interpretation has by no means been abandoned. (Wikipedia)
The strict monist interpretation is influentially represented in the first two volumes of W. K. C. Guthrie's A History of Greek Philosophy, where it is accorded a critical role in the development of early Greek natural philosophy from the purported material monism of the early Milesians to the pluralist physical theories of Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the early atomists, Leucippus and Democritus. On Guthrie's strict monist reading, Parmenides' deduction of the nature of reality led him to conclude “that reality, and must be, a unity in the strictest sense and that any change in it impossible” and therefore that “the world as perceived by the senses is unreal”. Parmenides made the ontological argument against nothingness, essentially denying the possible existence of a void. According to Aristotle, this led Leucippus to propose the atomic theory, which supposes that everything in the universe is either atoms or voids, specifically to contradict Parmenides' argument. Aristotle himself, proclaimed, in opposition to Leucippus, the dictum horror vacui or "nature abhors a vacuum". Aristotle reasoned that in a complete vacuum, motion would encounter no resistance, and thus infinite speed would be possible, something which Aristotle would not accept. (Stanford College)
Works Cited
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parmenides
• http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/parmenides/
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